Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God

Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God Oprisor Maria 1st year American Studies Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God In this paper I would like to focus on point of view and some aspects of stylistics in Zora Hurstons’ work Their Eyes Were Watching God. In particular, I will address the issue of narrative voice, the shifts between first person and third person, and I will also include in my analysis some aspects related to types of language variety and style variation. I have chosen this text because generally it is considered Zora Neale Hurston's most important piece of fiction, and because it is a proof of her ability to master language and voice. To illustrate my analysis I have selected some fragments which can be found at the end of the paper. I will make references to them whenever is necessary. The novel presents, in a combination of first and third person narration the story of Jamie Crawford and her three successive husbands. At several points in the text, Janie Crawford is prohibited from speaking, while at other points she chooses not to speak. Silence, then, is sometimes used as a tool of oppression and at other times as a tool of power. Even from the beginning of the novel it can be easily noticed the shifting narration; the viewpoint has moved from â€Å"every men† to â€Å"men† to â€Å"women† to â€Å"a woman† all these under the form of gossip of the front porch (see quote 1). While the earliest feminist interpretations put forward the idea that Janie achieves selfhood by claiming her voice, Barbara Johnson asserts that it is by accepting the inevitability of self-division that Janie gains the power of speech. She shows how Janie’s discovery that â€Å"she had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them†(Johnson: 50) has implications for Janie’s ability to speak. There are two paragraphs that highlight this aspect of inside and outside in Their Eyes Were Watching God (see quote 2). It can be noticed the image of Jody as an insider and in the second quote her image but this time as an outsider. Now she realizes that †looking at it she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams†. This proves that the inside and outside are never the same. When reading the novel the reader is introduced into a world where perspective and voice are in a permanent shift but it does not give the impression of unreliable narrators. The view point is controlled through a linguistic indicator of viewpoint, namely deixis. This is proved by adverbials of place like there and verbs like come. (see quote 2). Moreover through the novel we can mention the presence of social deixis_: Mr. and Mrs. _Turner or _Mrs. _Bogle: â€Å"Mrs. Bogle who was many times a grandmother, but had a blushing air of coquetry about her that cloaked her sunken cheeks. †(p. 230) When speaking about types of language variety we certainly can include dialect when analyzing Their Eyes Were Watching God. Zora Hurston manages, with great literary craftsmanship, to represent not only the speech and thought of her protagonist but also of the collective black community. She succeeds in doing this through free indirect speech. In the novel’s frame tale, Janie returns to Eatonville after a long absence. Townspeople sit on porches exchanging words full of drama and metaphor. In this context it is to be mentioned that phonetic changes as well as morphological changes exist at the level of the language. (see quote 3) Through all novel there are wonderful examples of dialogues that show literary craftsmanship of the twentieth-century Southern black vernacular speech. In terms of style variation, this is obvious at almost every page. It is easily detectable the â€Å"Systematic variation from one identifiable kind of language to another within the same text†(Short:1996)/ (see quote 3). All these demonstrate, without error, the way in which Zora Neale Hurston masters language and voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Hurston's great accomplishment is the creation of a literary language equivalent to the oral performances she admired as a child and studied as an ethnographer. Vernacular voices speak in and through the novel and the novel's words â€Å"[walk] without masters. † Their Eyes is a singular achievement. Quote 1: â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his drams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they don’t want to remember, and remember everything they don’t want to forget†¦So the beginning of this was a woman, and she had come back from burying a dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 175) Quote 2: â€Å" So gradually, she pressed her teeth together and learned how to hush. The spirit of the marriage left the bedroom and took to living in the parlor. It was there to shake hands whenever company came to visit, but it never went back inside the bedroom again. So she put something in there to represent the spirit like a Virgin Mary image in a church. The bed was no longer a daisy-field for her and Joe to play in. It was a place where she went and laid down when she was sleepy and tired. † (p. 232) ~~~~~~~~~~ â€Å"Janie stood where he left for unmeasured time and thought. She stood there until something fell off the shelf inside her. Then she went inside there to see what it was. It was her image of Jody tumbled down and shattered. But looking at it she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. Just something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. In a way she turned her back upon the image where it lay and looked further. She had no more blossomy openings dusting pollen over her man, neither any glistening young fruit where the petals used to be. She found that she had a host of thoughts she had never expressed to him, and numerous emotions she had never let Jody know about. Things packed up and put away in parts of her heart where he could never find them. She was saving up feelings for some man she had never seen. She had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them. † In the first paragraph the â€Å"marriage† moves outward from the bedroom to the parlor, replacing itself with the image of virginity. The second paragraph represents her image of Jody, but an image of an outsider. Know she realizes that â€Å"looking at it she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams†. Both paragraphs are an externalization of Janie’s feelings onto the outer surroundings. In figurative language, Barbara Johnson observes, â€Å"inside and outside are never the same† and she asserts that â€Å" Far from being an expression of Janie’ s new wholeness or identity as a character, Janie’s increasing ability to speak grows out of her ability not to mix inside with outside†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (p. 233) Quote 3: â€Å"Seeing the woman as she was made them remember the envy they had stored up from other times. So they chewed up the back parts of their minds and swallowed with relish. They made burning statements with questions, and killing tools out of laughs. It was mass cruelty. A mood come alive Words walking without masters; walking altogether like harmony in a song. What she doin coming back here in dem overhalls? Can't she find no dress to put on? — Where's dat blue satin dress she left here in? — Where all dat money her husband took and died and left her? — What dat ole forty year ole ‘oman doin' wid her hair swingin' down her back lak some young gal? Where she left dat young lad of a boy she went off here wid? – Thought she was going to marry? — Where he left her? — What he done wid all her money? — Betcha he off wid some gal so young she ain't even got no hairs — why she don't stay in her class? â€Å"(p. 175) References: Barbara, Johnson, Metaphor, Metonymy, and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God, in Wall, 2000, ZORA NEALE HURSTON’S Their Eyes Were Watching God, New York: Oxford Un iversity Press. Short, M. , 1996, Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose, London, New York: Longman. Zora, N. , Hurston, 2002, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Library of America.

Development of Political Theories Essay

This paper seeks to discuss what two philosophers say about feminism and the importance of what they have said or the effect of their ideas to the policy of life. The two persons are Mary Wollstonecraft and Simone de Beauvoir. Mary Wollstonecraft states that unwilling submission to any person, institution, or custom is not good to women as the same could limit, degrade and destroy the person. The philosopher in effect believes in reason so that she further asserts that infallible and God-given reason should control all human thought and action (Philosophy Professor, 2008a). In support for having reason, she further argues that women must have the freedom to cultivate reason, which she believes be to the key to self-improvement and social change. Wollstonecraft has also her strong belief in environment and education which shape character and morality. In support of her belief, she forwards that idea that education is the right of all humankind, including women, so that through education women can gain independence and equality (Philosophy Professor, 2008a). The ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft are very important to making policies on life particularly or equality of humankind regardless of gender because unwilling submission connotes lack of freedom and necessarily of reason. That education is important is beyond question since the same opens up the minds of people to knowledge about the truth that would lead them to perform their roles according to the dictates of said truth and reason. Her dream to have independence and equality is consistent with basic human rights. Simone de Beauvoir, on the other hand, believes that human beings tragically live under an ambiguous condition but still they must assume responsibility for the direction of their lives. She also believes that every person is originally free and that women have been compelled by men to be the second sex (Philosophy Professor, 2008b). Implying loss of freedom of women, there is strong basis for her assertion that historical and cultural conditions under which women have been oppressed should not stop these women from assuming their human dignity as free and independent persons (Philosophy Professor, 2008b). In other words, losing the freedom need not be a hopeless for she believes that not doing anything to restore that lost freedom that will lead these women to become free and independent indeed is an abject of failure for in the end fate is still a matter of choice. The philosopher’s position is important for it reasserts responsibility of humankind, not only women to whatever is happening to them. It can be concluded that each thinker had a part in having promoted the cause of feminism which basically include equality, freedom and independence. Mary Wollstonecraft may have put it more dramatically by describing what is not to have freedom by making an unwilling submission while Simone de Beauvoir essentially has pointed responsibility for lost freedom– that is if women suffer their fate, it was because of their failure to assume responsibility in invoking that lost freedom. While Wollstonecraft states the importance of education that would lead to opening up the minds of women to knowledge, truth and dictates of reason, Simone de Beauvoir was still assuming a freedom of choice to be reasserted by women because of her premise of human beings having to live tragically under an ambiguous condition. It could be deduced that both thinkers have their own followers who are led to the common objective of women to get what they deserved as human beings. References: Philosophy Professor (2008a) Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797){www document} URL http://www. philosophyprofessor. com/philosophers/mary-wollstonecraft. php, Accessed November 30, 2008 Philosophy Professor (2008b) Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) {www document} URL http://www. philosophyprofessor. com/philosophers/simone-de-beauvoir. php, Accessed November 30, 2008

What Does it Cost to Attend The University of Washington - Seattle Campus?

The University of Washington – Seattle is consistently ranked one of the top public universities in the country by The U.S. News and World Report . It boasts a diverse student body and exemplary academic programs, which makes it clear why UW is on the minds of many prospective college students. Because of its popularity, UW is also one of the more competitive public institutions in the United States. At first glance, attending any college may seem overwhelmingly expensive. Even public schools like UW have a high list price. However, you can’t assume that the list price (the published cost) is what you’ll actually end up paying. Instead, pay attention to the net cost, the amount you’ll be expected to pay out of pocket. Taking into account financial aid (government aid, institutional grants, and merit scholarships), your net cost will likely be far lower than the list price. Families tend to pay different amounts because of their income, in- or out-of-state residency, and many other factors. Like at many public universities, at UW, the list price is lower for in-state students than for out-of-state students. In-state students pay $29,948, while out-of-state students pay $49,986. Most families don’t actually pay the list price, though. In general, only families earning more than $175,000 should expect to pay this figure. For students from high-income families, they may still pay less than the list price if they earn merit scholarships, or scholarships based on achievement. Financial aid greatly reduces the cost of attending college for many families. At UW, students receiving aid pay an average net cost of $22,586 in-state and $46,624 out-of-state. The price tends to vary greatly based on family income: * These numbers do not reflect any Pell Grants that families may receive. Families with an income of $0-30k often receive Federal Pell Grants, which reduce the amount of financial aid that individual institutions need to award. This is why there is a higher tuition rate for families with $0-30k vs. those with $30k-48k. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Both students receiving financial aid and those without financial need are eligible to receive merit scholarships, which are awarded based on students’ accomplishments in and out of the classroom. UW awards merit scholarships to 8.8% of students who don’t receive financial aid. The average award amount is $529, which places UW at 827th in a pool of more than 1,000 institutions analyzed with regard to merit aid generosity. The merit aid net cost for students without financial need is thus only marginally lower: $25,419 for in-state students and $49,457 for out-of-state students. That said, remember that these statistics only account for students without financial need. UW offers a handful of generous merit scholarships (discussed later in this post), but students with financial need often receive them. Many students take out government loans to help pay for college, which must be repaid according to individual timetables after graduation. At UW, 5% of students take out loans, with an average amount of $3,170 across their college careers. A high graduation rate and salary for alumni can indicate a strong return on investment (ROI) for an institution. At UW, 82% of students graduate within six years, and alumni earn an average salary of $57,700 after 10 years. Living in Seattle is expensive. The cost of living index is 204, indicating that it is over twice as expensive as the national average. Students are not required to live on campus at UW, although many do. According to the housing office , 68% of freshmen choose to live in university housing. If your student decides to live off-campus, they’ll be contending with an average one-bedroom rental price of $2,014 or a two-bedroom rental price of $2,775. Washington state’s minimum wage is currently $12. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , the average hourly wage for all workers in the Seattle-Bellevue-Everett metropolitan area was $31.42 in 2017; it’s important to keep in mind, however, that this figure encompasses professions requiring a college degree and certain levels of experience. UW offers a number of merit scholarships to students, including Academic Scholarships and UW Undergraduate Academic Excellence Awards for in-state students. These scholarships are awarded in an average amount of $4,000 for two years and do not require separate applications. UW also offers scholarships to out-of-state students, such as the Purple and Gold Scholarship (for U.S. residents only), awarded in varying amounts. Students are automatically considered for this award as well. Students should also consider applying for scholarships awarded by external organizations, many of which take into account demographics, intended majors, accomplishments, and other factors. One popular scholarship is the National Merit Scholarship, awarded to top 1% scorers on the PSAT. For more information on the opportunity, read our post: How to Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship . Many students also work part-time jobs during the year, or over the summer. Getting a job can teach students about responsibility while helping them pay for their education. Seattle is a vibrant community offering plenty of local work opportunities. If your student prefers to stay on campus, they may be able to score a work-study job, allowing them to engage with the campus community while earning a paycheck. Common campus jobs include being a library desk aide, working in the dining hall, or grading for a professor. Looking for help navigating the Financial Aid process at UW and other colleges? Our Finances tool , available though ’s Applications program, will help you compare the ROIs of different colleges, understand what you’ll actually pay, and more. Learn more today!

The Judiciary role in the Criminal Justice System Term Paper

The Judiciary role in the Criminal Justice System - Term Paper Example The criminal justice system is comprised of three major components that work together in tandem to see the criminal justice process through from beginning to end (Torres, eHow.com). The three major components in the criminal justice system are: 1) the law enforcement, 2) the courts, and 3) the corrections. The law enforcement component is considered the head of the system since its divisions are the ones responsible for finding and capturing individuals who defies the constitution. The judiciary comes in next as they make sure that offenders or suspects are given fair trial until proven guilty. They are the ones who balance the evidences submitted by the prosecution and defense for their own arguments. They are the ones who face the dilemma on deciding the verdict for certain circumstances. â€Å"In the courtroom judges have a vital role in creating a forum where those finding themselves in the justice system recognize the Court provides the framework within which individuals will g et protection, redress and resolution of disputes and conflicts that cannot be effectively and peacefully settled elsewhere.† It is also said that the judiciary's foremost role as the third branch of the government is to defend and uphold the United States Constitution and assure the rule of law prevails (Ladner, 2000). The judiciary’s role in the criminal justice system is to be fair, firm and calm. Fair because they will be hearing 2 sides of a story which they need to decide who is telling the truth. They should be unbiased and not let their emotions dictate what they should think towards certain issues. Everybody should be treated equally. Sometimes amongst all the factors that are present, the emotional factor is the one that affects the fairness of a judge which should not be the case. This is where the judges or jurors should be firm on their decisions. They should disregard their emotions and be firm on their decision. This should be done so that they can uphold what is in the constitution and not give verdicts that are just dictated by one’s emotions or gut feel. Calmness should also be present so that information would be properly presented and discussed. The judiciary makes sure that the constitution is being implemented correctly. The constitution is not to be used to abuse anybody or to be violated by anyone. Seems to be easy yet it is a tough job. There are certain people who believe that they are above the law. The judiciary system is the one who put their egos back to the ground and make them realize that they are not above the law. A member of the judiciary should always be like Themis, the Roman goddess of Justice, blindfolded so that political or class status of the people involved in a trial cannot affect the decisions made. In addition, equality should be strictly practiced as symbolized by the scales that the statue is holding. Let the facts that are presented be the ones put on the scale to judge whether one is guilty or not. It is not the role of the judiciary to be on one side against the other. Upholding the constitution is believed to be the primary role of the judiciary. Reform starts in the judiciary. It may convict or acquit suspects from the most celebrated cases to the simplest ones. Yet the main role remains the same which is making sure that what has been written by law should be followed by

The School of Journalism and Mass Communication Essay

The School of Journalism and Mass Communication - Essay Example Yet, what we communicate is even more important than how we communicate. The School of Journalism and Mass Communication would give me the deeper knowledge I require to pursue a career in Public Relations and Event Planning. My obligation to the field is to bring a solid foundation rooted in the many issues I will face in tomorrow's world of Journalism and Mass Communication. I have long aspired to work in the field of communications. During the last two years I have worked as an event planner, helping the staff promote and produce events for our clients. This exposure has worked to heighten my dedication to pursue this area as I have found it fascinating as well as enjoyable. I have gotten great self-satisfaction working with people as we crafted the messages and images required to produce a successful event. This experience has taught me the importance of the details that can only be acquired through a continued and quality education. It is the many facets of communication that I hope to gain from the School of Journalism and Mass Communication. My previous studies have focused on my eventual attendance in the higher level courses of communications. I have always strived to maintain a high level of academic success and in the fall of 2005 I was recognized by John Cabot University for this achievement.

Main differences between perfect competition and monopoly market Essay - 1

Main differences between perfect competition and monopoly market structures - Essay Example The sellers have the aim to provide the products and services as per the highest quality standards and at a minimum price as compared to the competitors. Since all the sellers have the same objective, it creates the scenario of perfect competition where the buyers have the highest bargaining power (McNulty, 1967). In a perfectly competitive market, it is very difficult to choose between the products and services sold in the market. The firms tend to maximize profits under the strict conditions of a perfectly competitive market where the buyers and the sellers are aware of all the information of the market. The barriers to entry and exit from the market is very less. The returns to the investments do not have large scope of enhancement in future (Marshall, 2006). The monopoly market structure resembles the form of market where a certain product or services is manufactured or supplied by a single firm. The monopoly market signifies minimal competition among the firms operating in the market. The buyers also have practically no options to avail substitute products and services. In a monopoly market structure, the business is the price setter and has the ability to charge high prices (Mankiw, 2011). The customers in a monopoly market has the lowest bargaining power as there is no availability of substitute products and services.The government encourage monopoly in certain sectors in order to provide economic benefits to the people by reduction of the market risk. The barriers to entry into the monopoly market is very high. In a monopoly market, it is observed that only one firm tends to dominate the market supply. The price discrimination is observed as characteristics of the monopoly market as the sellers vary the price of the products in comp arison to the quantity of the products (Hall and  Lieberman, 2009). In several jurisdiction, the monopoly form of market structure is prohibited in

Polish Migrant Workers within the UK Hospitality Industry Literature review

Polish Migrant Workers within the UK Hospitality Industry - Literature review Example (Dobson, 2009). Migration to a new country is often a tough decision and is based upon certain factors such as the social integration with other sections of the society, the overall economic prospects of finding earning opportunities as well as the security of the residence. (Ruhs & Anderson, 2007). These factors effectively determine whether any country or government is more open to the international immigrant workers or not and therefore all subsequent decisions by the mobile international labor force depend on such factors. Within the context of UK, this has been relatively more favorable for the immigrants until recently when economic hardships have forced the government to take steps to curb the immigrations and restrict the flow of economic workers from outside the EU zone. UK’s hospitality sector is one of the growing sectors in the country owing to the increasing number of tourists flowing into the country. It was because of this reason that most of the polish workers who came before 2006 mainly were inducted in different sectors including hospitality sector. Some estimates suggest that almost 22% of the Polish workers who came to the country before 2006 were employed in the hospitality sector thus making it one of the biggest sectors in the economy to have polish immigrant workers. Like all international workers, they also however, faced the different issues such as low wage, discrimination at the work as well as other work related issues which potentially can hamper their long term prospects. Cultural diversity is another important issue which has been highlighted in the existing literature in terms of the employment of the Polish workers in the hospitality sector of UK. This literature review will therefore present a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the polish workers in UK Hospitality sector. Hospitality Sector in UK In UK, Hospitality sector is defined along with leisure, travel and tourism sections of the industry also. It is because of this reason that the overall number of businesses coming under the sector is relatively large and diverse including hotels, pubs and night clubs, restaurants, events, membership services, gambling and visitor attractions. Hospitality sector in the country is one of the largest employers in the country with almost 400,000 workers working in the core hospitality sector. A closer review of the existing data would suggest that most of the workers in the hospitality sector are females whereas almost 8% of the workforce belongs to ethnic minority or the blacks. It is also important to note that the ratio of the full time and part time workers in the industry is almost same with 57% of the workers working on part time basis. (People 1st, 2009) The age profile of the workers working in this industry is really diversified however, majority of the workers are aged with significant portion of the workers over the age of 30. Further, it is also important to note that the most o f the workers in this industry are employed in the kitchen and catering related activities followed by chefs and cooks. Bar staff is the third largest group of employees working in this segment of the industry thus suggesting the overall diversity of the sector and the people working in the sector. (People 1st, 2009) It is also important to note that the overall ownership patterns in the industry in UK are also changing. Traditionally hospitality sector

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example A Brief History of Nissan: The process of business within the 21st century has developed to a remarkable extent(Davies, 2004). Facing fundamental issues with cost and levels of continued business growth, Nissan’s European division chose to integrate with its supply chain as a means of evoking positive change. Nissan therefore reviewed the issues that their supply chain engendered and sought to evoke a further level of efficiency from it. Supplier Initiative/Management Initiative: 1: Referenced Definition of Supplier Development Some of the points that can be taken away from this particular case are with regards to definitions of supplier development, the different foundations which need to be put in place as a means of improving the initiatives that were engaged, a clear delineation of the objectives of the customer and supplier may seek to achieve from such improvement initiatives, the role of leadership within Nissan and how this impacted upon the supply-chain management tha t took place, the way in which commonality of purpose was achieved between the suppliers and Nissan, the performance measurements that were used as metrics, a close discussion of supply improvements that were engaged, the risks and benefits of engaging in such an initiative, mistakes that can be learned from, and future trends that are likely to be evidenced within other branches of Nissan; as well as throughout the industrial world. 2: The foundations which need to be in place to enable the improvement initiatives between customer and supplier contained in the case to take place Firstly, it must be understood that with regards to supplier development, Nissan fundamentally engaged in a redefinition of the way in which this process was previously affected. Through an internal investigation with regards to efficiency and the means through which product was provided, Nissan came to the clear understanding that if further profitability and viability of the brand was to be effected, a fu ndamental shift with regards the way in which products were supplied must be effected. As such, a reintegration with the definition and approach to supplier development was necessitated and affected. Supply Chain Management: As a function of the difficulties that have thus far been defined, Nissan Motor Company found it necessary to engage directly with the suppliers and enter into a new form of cooperation and communication that they term as COGENT. Within this particular approach, Nissan sought a level of oversight with respect to the design process and final production of the components that would eventually make their way into Nissan automobiles within Europe (Ludwig, 2010). Instead, COGENT was engaged as a means of overseeing and reviewing the supplier process. Nissan co-development initiative (COGENT) Realizing that the major drawbacks of the other approaches that they could take would place little incentive or integration within the actual supply mechanisms of Nissan, the Co- development init

Knowledge management Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge management - Annotated Bibliography Example d that KM is supported as a means of harnessing and utilizing intellectual resources to address challenges, as well as improving innovation, business performance and client approval. This paper aims at providing annotated bibliography for the topic of knowledge management. After careful selection, five articles have been found from the online library, and these have been discussed here in the paper. A common format has been used for summarizing the articles to be able to cover the major aspects of the paper. The main aim of the article is to identify the nature of the methodology employed by top business and management journals and to analyse the aspects that are considered while creation of the management knowledge. This article has used a very different approach and completes its sampling from the various other management articles that have been presented in the past. Based on this, the following information: Sample: A hundred and twenty articles have been chosen from leading management journals between the periods of 1991 to 2000.Instrument: Secondary Data collection (Desk Study) Analysis: The analysis of the article focuses on the characteristics of the authorship and also focuses on the research methodology adopted by the sample articles. The research findings clearly provides detailed explanation of the authorship profiles, where it has been found that majority of the contributors are senior academics and only as low as 6% of the total papers were actually by lecturers or assistant professors. The major contributors were the associate professors and the professors. The findings also find that majority of the authors were male with around 35% of the authors as female. This research although not directly related to the topic, proves to be very helpful and impactful in the field of research as in knowledge management. This article helps the students and the readers identify with a various set of important aspects like the reliability, and validity of the

Information Systems in London during Olympics 2012 Essay Example for Free

Information Systems in London during Olympics 2012 Essay The London Olympics preparations are integrating technology for the purpose of making the event a success in terms of order and security. An estimate of 7 billion euros has been budgeted for the technology sector for the purpose of coordinating the Olympic event (House of Commons 2006). The London Organising Committee of the Olympics Games (LOCOG) has projected that the information system will use 204 million euros, the telecommunications, 63 million euros, and the internet applications, 12. 5 million euros (House of Commons 2006). The LOCOG and the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) will oversee that resources for information systems management are carried on effectively and efficiently for the Olympics success. Technology Following the announcement that the 2012 Olympics will take place in London, the LOCOG announced the need to capitalize on latest IT developments and creation of software and hardware that are integrated from a common database (House of Commons 2006). The IT structure in London consists of an estimate of 8000 PCs, 900 servers and 1000 network and security devices which will be integrated for the function (Jones, 2009). Moreover, there is a planned use for green IT systems for instance virtualisation which will help in reducing the number of servers needed and in turn help to cut down costs. Jones (2009) stipulates that London has the task of matching or even surpassing the Information system in the Beijing Olympics. The following types of technology were incorporated; Journalists recorded and communicated the happenings of the event through wireless technology, and also information systems were included in the commentators’ analysis. In the event venues, radio frequency technology was used for ticket verification. Worlwide TV coverage and online video streaming were enabled by Digital Ignition Control Systems which controlled time lags between the various Olympic venues. Online ticket selling will ensure a faster and easier success to tickets but the IS should be integrated in a way that online ticket scams are prevented (Hervey 2010). The IS in London will install surveillance systems such as the CCTV cameras that will help identify any suspected malicious behaviour (Chowdhry 2008). The UK intelligence community is expected to effectively use technology in information gathering and prevention of any adversaries. Purpose of information management systems in 2012 Olympics The purpose of the integrated information systems will be to serve as a foundation for the Olympic Games planning across all the important functional and operational areas such as the transport and sport venues, the Games workforce, the press operations, and the spectator services (House of Commons 2006). IT system is to link all the venues which will be used for Olympics in the UK and the Olympics Village. The venues are more than 90 and it is necessary to have an effective and efficient control system that will ensure that Olympic event runs smoothly. Transport system and sport venues planning Information systems will be applied in the planning and coordination of airlines, underground and overland rail links, javelin shuttles, cabs and buses. The major issues to consider in the planning include reduction of traffic and ease of transportation to and from the Olympic venues, and parking space; and the enhancement of security in both public and private transportation systems. This is based on the fact that in such a crowded event, it is expected that pickpockets and conmen will mingle with the crowd. Information gathering CCTV cameras will be situated at strategic locations for surveillance as people go about their activities. This includes surveillance in the transportation facilities as well as the games’ venues. Data will also be gathered by the large fleet of security officers who have been disposed to foresee the planning of the event by the Security Industry Authority (SIA) (Chowdhry, W. 2008). Training needs to take place for all the officers to be able to use integrated technologies in detection and prevention of adversaries. IT developments allow for efficient management of information and data, and thus facilitate faster and more effective processes of decision making. This saves the time required to reconcile independent and duplicative systems. Possible barriers to knowledge management IT technology is considered the most efficient and effective in management of such a mega event that will see visitors from all over the world visit London. However, one of the major hurdles that face the preparation is the very high costs usually associated with integration of high tech information systems. The high IT costs have escalated the general amount required for carrying out the whole even by ten times more (Jones 2009). The barrier is that this budget is already too high yet it may not be enough to deal with handling the increased security alert issues prior to and during the event. Terrorism events are on the increase and most of the developed nations including the UK are target to international terrorism (Hervey 2010). The most significant possible barrier involves the IT security where the London InfoSecurity committee fears that the Olympics information systems could be targeted by terrorists and thus imposes a threat to the national security. Physical security measures are put in place but there are worries that weaknesses detected in the Olympics Information Systems may be overlooked and then turn out to be major security hurdles. According to Hervey (2010) terrorists have the capability to simultaneously hit both cyber systems and physical targets through a blended attack strategy, and therefore the London security has to be very cautious when installing and managing these security systems.

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility: Accounting Fraud

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility: Accounting Fraud The key issued described in the suit against Xerox Corporation is that Xerox had overstated its revenues during the past four years by almost $2 billion. The fraudulent scheme had misled investors about Xeroxs earnings to polish its reputation on Wall Street and to boost the companys stock price. These accounting fraud cases show us that ethics is a real issue, a very current issue and it is one that needs to be addressed. Unethical behaviour is common and reasons exist for such behaviour. Recent accounting scandals involving high-profile companies such as Xerox Corp have called into question accounting practices and undermined public confidence in the profession. These ethical scandals in the real world suggested a market economy being out of control and raised demands for more stringent and effective government regulation. Such deception by management hampers the ability of the users of financial statements from gaining accurate business information for decision-making and leaves their interests unprotected. 2.CASE DISCUSSION a)What are the ethical issues confronted in these cases? The term ethics refer to a system or code of conduct based on moral duties and obligation that indicate how we should behave; it deals with the ability to distinguish right from wrong and the commitment to do what is right. Unethical behaviour in the corporate world is political and business scandals, which arise with the disclosure of misdeeds by trusted executives of large public corporations. Such misdeeds typically involve complex methods for misusing or misdirecting funds, overstating revenues, understating expenses, overstating the value of corporate assets or underreporting the existence of liabilities, sometimes with the cooperation of officials in other corporations or affiliates. For Xerox Corp. it has been defrauding investors since 1997 till 2000. In a scheme directed and approved by its senior management, Xerox falsely portrayed itself as a business meeting its competitive challenges and increasing its earnings every quarter. Xerox knowingly or recklessly increased revenues and earnings by accelerating the recognition of revenues through mostly non-GAAP accounting actions, overstated its earnings by using so called cookie jar reserves and interest income from tax refunds, disguised loans as asset sales and manipulated its accounting in violation of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All of them should have been disclosed to investors in a timely manner because, singly and collectively, they constituted a significant departure from Xeroxs past accounting practices and misled investors about the quality of the earnings being reported. Besides that, senior Xerox management reaped over $5 billion in performance-based compensation and over $30 million in profits from the sale of stock. The practices summarized above constitute an unlawful scheme by Xerox to defraud investors through undisclosed accounting practices and other material transactions, some of which the company knew or should have known violated GAAP. Xerox failed to tell investors that these actions were the reason Xerox met or exceeded consensus earnings estimates quarter after quarter. b) The possible reasons or factors that may cause the unethical actions in the cases. The ethical issues faced by Xerox corp can be explained from a personal, organizational and systematic level and it possible reasons why they commit unethical actions. Personal Level Possible reasons: Individual moral failures and greed Personal level calls for the character evaluation of the main individuals that participated in the various fraud as for Xerox Corp Former Chairman and CEO, Paul Allaire, Former Chief Financial Officer, Barry Romeril and KPMG partner, Michael Conway, in a statement reported that they are the main person whom in charged by the SEC way back years of 1999. The values and ethical behaviours of these individuals have continuously been called into question. Many of the charges directed towards these individuals are a clear indication of acquiring personal interest. It is not that the senior executives did not receive any ethics training earlier on but it is their own individual moral failures and greed that led to the distortion of financial statements. They did not consider the social implications of their unscrupulous decision on their company and also all parties with interests in the company. What concern these executives are their own individualized interests especially in wealth maximization. Organizational Level Possible reasons: The need to follow orders from bosses and pressure from top management on their accountants to make the numbers add up. An unethical practices by the Top management to ensure that the accountant of the Corporation to make up the financial statement reporting to reflect the corporation financial position was on a good position no matter what it cost as long as they can manipulate the treatment of accounting practices. This might be the reasons for the accountant in that organizational tied up( unable to perform as an independent parties) with the mislead accounting practices in order to follow the command of the superior management. As in Nicor Energys overstated unbilled revenue by approximately $4.5 million for 2001 was a collusion between Johnson (senior-most financial officer) and Stoffer (NEs President CEO) in inflating the unbilled revenue number. Stoffer also directed a reversal of a portion of the incurred expense of 2001 into 2002 to meet year-end earnings targets. Besides that, Johnson who was responsible for setting the level of the bad debt reserve was under pressured by Stoffer to purposely understate the bad debts reserve. Systematic Level Possible Reasons: Cosy relationship the firms have with their corporate clients and Enormous pressure from Wall Street investors to keep up short term earnings. As been spell out, many external factors have contributed to the confront of this unethical issues. Such possible factors from the external forces are Corporations often hire accountants and other personnel from their auditor and accountants and much of the pressure brought to bear on accountants; stems from the cosy relationships the firms have with corporate clients. As for Xeroxs auditors, KPMG kept silent when it found out about the accounting discrepancies in Xerox so that they can maintain their relationship and businesses with Xerox. There was no watchdog ( legal and structure) at Xerox. KPMGs bark sounded no warning to investors; its bite was toothless. Beside the possible causes that might led them to commit in these unethical actions possibly might be due to the investment climate of 1990s added insults to injuries. Cited back, year of 1990s, Companies that failed to meet Wall Streets earnings estimates by even a penny often were punished by significant declines in stock price. In addition, compensation of Xerox senior management team depended significantly on their ability to meet increasing revenue and earning target. c).Who were the stakeholders (individual or groups) that are affected by the unethical actions? How are they affected by the fraud or unethical actions? Stakeholders are those groups who can affect or [are] affected by the achievement of the firms objectives. Stakeholders in a company may include shareholders, directors, management, suppliers, government, employees and also the community. The unethical actions in Xerox Corp have affected the stakeholders in a way or so. Shareholders Shareholders are invariably the first victims of top management fraud. When news of fraud by a firm becomes public knowledge, it immediately reduces the stock market value of the companies involved. Bondholders and other creditors of the firm can also end up bearing the negative effects of management fraud. After news of the financial fraud at Xerox Corp. is released, Xeroxs stock has been declining sharply and is now trading at about $7. Shareholders can no longer assume that management is acting within the law or with their best interests in mind. Shareholders now require greater openness on the part of their senior managers. Society Fraud also depresses the overall moral climate in a society. It can lead to a general lack of faith in the integrity of senior managers, erosion in the confidence in the free market system, including its political institutions, processes, and leaders, and a general growth of cynicism in a society. The failure of accounting firms to detect managerial fraud has also led to less faith in audited financial statements. Worse still, many believe that the accounting firms have compromised their own integrity because of the lure of lucrative consulting contracts from firms they were auditing. In Xeroxs case, their auditor, KPMG complied with management at Xerox to allow the accounting irregularities to continue. Employees Employees of companies whose top managers engage in fraud often are hit the hardest, even when they are unaware of their executives illegal activities. Fraud can cause employees to lose their jobs, their retirement savings (which often are tied up in company stock) and their reputations. Frequently, the very fact that employees have worked for a fraudulent company taints their resumes to the point that some find it difficult to find jobs elsewhere. The negative impact of Xeroxs fraud was that Xerox has laid off thousand of workers in the past two years and may make further retrenchments in the future. d) Discussion on the governance and control issues arising from the companies experienced. The highly visible accounting scandal in Xerox Corp showed us one significant matter; the corporate governance and internal controls is failed in the corporations. The worst incidences of fraud are usually committed by insiders, among whom those executives figure prominently who are assigned to manage and control their organizations. Corporations are now looking at how they can make their respective boards of directors more effective. Xerox Corp, has made a good progress on corporate governance and control issues arising from the companys experience. They have adopted strict new guidelines on what constitutes director independence. Applying this definition, 75% of their directors are independent. Proactively integrated Sarbanes-Oxley Act and proposed NYSE rules into their governance processes. Revised and strengthened the charters for their Board of Directors committees. Hold regular executive sessions of outside directors without Xerox management present. Launched a massive effort to strengthen internal controls, train their people and promulgate a clear and strong Code of Conduct. Established an Ethics Help line for their employees and have taken other measures all aimed at making Xerox a role model in ethical behaviour. Bear in mind that, no laws or policies will ever be sufficient to end all corporate misbehaviour. We are confident, however, that truly independent and inquisitive boards of directors will provide the best safeguard against corporate wrongdoings. such Audit Committees must be autonomous and vigorous, Financial Information is inherently judgmental ,give Sarbanes-Oxley a chance to work, excessive executive compensation can be tamed by the Compensation Committee and directors must be selected and appraised by Independent Nominating Committee. 3.Conclusion Fraud had damages the reputations of the individuals and firms involved. Revelations of top management fraud have caused the public to question the ability of boards of directors to monitor senior executives and protect shareholders wealth. As for Xerox Corp, in order too minimize the harm caused by the unethical actions by the executives, firstly Law and regulations are, and will remain, the most influential external drivers of corporate ethics, but legislation is no substitute for the presence of leaders who support and model ethical behaviour. The single most important ethical leadership behaviour is keeping promise, followed by encouraging open communication, keeping employees informed and supporting employees who uphold ethical standards. Corporate leaders need to communicate ethical values throughout the organization, but they must do more than talk the talk in order to establish and sustain an ethical culture. As for specific programs and practices, a corporate code of conduct is viewed as being most important to prevent or minimize accounting frauds. Such a code must reflect and reinforce the values and principles of an organization. Besides that, ethics training for all members of the organization, corporate social responsibility programs, ombudsman services and help lines can be done to combat unethical behaviour. In summary, employees need to have a code to set the ethics foundation, training to help people truly understand it, and programs that permit them to inquire about and report ethical violations. A comprehensive Whistleblowers Act to provide wide-ranging protection for whistleblowers in all sectors too can help encourage whistle blowing. Study Of Knowledge | Empiricists Vs Rationalists Study Of Knowledge | Empiricists Vs Rationalists The dispute between empiricism and rationalism begins within epistemology, the study of knowledge. Epistemology attempts to answer the questions: what is knowledge?, what can we know?, and what is the difference between opinion an knowledge? The study of knowledge began in Greece with the Pre-Socratic thinkers, as far back as the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. Zeno, a Pre-Socratic, is the first thinker to bring about the two schools of philosophy, rationalism and empiricism, which would grow to become a popular focus among other philosophers. Rationalism is defined as the epistemological view that true knowledge is derived from reason and from within the mind. This school of thought is based off of the a priori: truths that can be known independently of observations, and innate ideas: ideas believed to be present from birth. Empiricism, on the other hand, is the view that true knowledge is derived from sense experience. Empiricists believed that a priori and innate ideas were none existent, and rather all significant knowledge came from the a posteriori, the belief that truth is established only through observation. Zeno chose to focus on information derived from mathematics or rationalism, because he believed this information to be certain. He thought that information derived from the senses, or empiricism, could be deceiving. From there, the way by which we obtain knowledge continued to be argued over. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, philosophers began to take sides as to what they believed was the source of knowledge. They formed two groups: the Continental rationalists and the British empiricists. In the Continental rationalist group were philosophers Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza. The philosophies of Descartes and Spinoza are similar because they are systematic, logical, and rational. Both Descartes and Spinoza sought a system of thought that possessed the certainty of mathematics and was free of Scholastic tradition, because they believed scholasticism could not be trusted. They thought that judgments must be made from a mathematical basis and believed in a mechanistic worldview, the real world is not the world as known by the senses but rather by mathematical physics. They were also both pantheists, which meant that they equated God with nature. Spinoza worked off of Descartes ideas from his Cartesian Method, that nothing is true unless it is clear and distinct. This idea of only believing what is certain was an idea brought up years ago by the Pre-Socratic thinker, Zeno and developed further by the Continental rationalists. The biggest difference, however in Spinozas p hilosophy was his opinion on substances. Descartes defined substance as that which can exist by itself, without the aid of any other substance. He divided the world into two kinds of substances, thinking substance (the mind) and extended substance (the body). He then divided thinking substance into the infinite thinking substance (God) and finite thinking substances. Although Descartes believed that there was only one infinite substance (God), he believed that there were many finite thinking substances, so he was a pluralist. Spinoza rejected Descartess divisions of substances and his plurality of finite substances. He did not agree with Descartess division of infinite and finite thinking substance. For Spinoza, there was only infinite substance, and no thinking substance and extended substance. Spinoza claimed that there was only one substance, infinite substance, which he equated with God. Spinoza also argued that the definition of substance makes it impossible for the mind and th e body to be distinct substances. He said that mind and body are modes of that single substance. So, Spinoza took Descartes idea of substances and built upon it, but Spinoza was a monist rather than a dualist like Descartes. The other major philosophical group during the seventeenth and eighteenth century was the classical British empiricists. The empiricists believed that all knowledge is derived from observation. Hume and other British empiricists rejected the intuition/deduction thesis and the idea of innate knowledge proposed by Descartes. Hume believed that true knowledge came from a posteriori, sense experience, rather than from a priori. A major difference between Hume and Descartes is their take on the issue of Gods existence. When the two applied their very different theories to the topic of Gods existence, they arrived at different conclusions. In Descartes efforts to doubt everything, he realized that only one thing was certain, I think, therefore I exist. Descartes concluded that God exists when he realized that if he himself is subject to doubt, he is imperfect, and cannot be the cause of his existence. Because he had an idea of perfectness, this idea must come from a perfect being, or God. However, Hume was not able to prove Gods existence. Hume built upon Leibnizs analytic synthetic distinction in creating his Humean Method. He separated ideas into three categories: analytic propositions, synthetic propositions, and nonsense. He created a set of questions that one could ask to come to the conclusion as to what category an idea fell under. In contrast to Descartes conclusions about Gods existence, the Humean method suggests that God should be placed under the nonsense category because it is not possible to trace God back to sense data. Descartes, the rationalist and Hume, the empiricist had differing opinions. However, the two philosophers are similar because they both raise very skeptical issues. Descartes idea of the possibility of an evil demon putting thoughts in our heads and Humes conclusion that the idea of God is nonsense caused people to begin questioning traditional teachings and what they had always thought to be true. New ideas like the ones presented by D escartes and Hume later caused problems because as people became more aware of these ideas, more rebellion from authority and religion began to occur. Part Two: Immanuel Kant In the Preface to the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant compares his philosophy to the Copernican Revolution. It is said that as Copernicus believed that all heavenly bodies moved round the sun, Kant believed he was the center, and that everything moved around his philosophy. The philosophy of Immanuel Kant was so revolutionary because he brought together rationalism and empiricism. Because of Kant, the debate between rationalists and empiricists ended, and epistemology could move forward. Kant was inspired to build his philosophy after he encountered a copy of Humes Inquiry. He realized that he disagreed with many of the issues Hume brought up, and decided to refute them. In his book, The Critique of Pure Reason, he combined the ideas of Hume and the ideas of rationalists. Kant agreed with the empiricist claim that sense experience is the source of all beliefs, but disagreed with the conclusion that those beliefs may not necessarily be true. He also disagreed with the rationalist idea that truths about what does or does not exist could be decided through reason alone. He eliminated the debate by claiming that thinking and experiencing cannot let us know how things really are. Instead, Kant asked if it was possible that we have metaphysical knowledge. He claimed that the mind analyzes the data it perceives in terms of space and time. So, space and time are not features of external reality, as the empiricists and rationalists before him believed. Kant said that in order for human beings to interpret the world the human mind imposed certain structures on the incoming sense data. Kant defined these structures in terms of twelve categories: substance, cause/effect, reciprocity, necessity, possibility, existence, totality, unity, plurality, limitation, reality and negation. These categories were characteristics of the appearance of any object in general. However, these categories are related only to human language. When making a statement about an object, that person is making a judgment. A general object, that is, every object, has attributes that are contained in Kants list of Categories. In a judgment, or verbal statement, the Categories are the predicates that can be asserted of every object and all objects.

The Myth of the Five Senses Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Myth of the Five Senses We see with our eyes and taste with our tongues. Ears are for hearing, skin is for feeling and noses are for smelling. Would anyone claim that ears can smell, or that tongues can see? As a matter of fact, yes. Paul Bach-y-Rita, a neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, believes that the senses are interchangeable; for instance, a tongue can be used for seeing. This "revolutionary" study actually stems from a relatively popular concept among scientists; that the brain is an accommodating organ. It will attempt to carry out the same function, even when part of it is damaged, by redirecting the function to another area of the brain. As opposed to previous mainstream scientist's understanding that the brain is compartmentalized, it is now more acceptable that the individual "parts" of the brain could be somewhat interchangeable (1). For the purpose of scientific exploration, are the sensory organs interchangeable as well? Could a nose function as an ear, for example? If the brain is what actually sees and the eyes serve only as information receptors, and if one could say the same about taste, smell, hearing and touch, then does it matter which external organ the sensory information is received by? Our external organs all act as receptors of the information (5), so can one type of receptor be replaced by another and still produce the same experience? Bach-y-Rita's experiments suggest that "we experience the five senses, but where the data comes from may not be so important" (1). In the article "Can You See With Your Tongue?" the journalist was blindfolded with a small video camera strapped to his forehead, connected to a long plastic strip which was inserted into his mouth. A lap... ... the external organs is a concept worthy of more attention and exploration, and it will explored more easily when the old, rather arbitrary myth of the five senses is discarded. References 1) Discover Magazine Online, Go to the article "Can you see With Your Tongue?" http://www.discover.com/science_news/index.html 2) an article that clearly states there are seven senses. http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~wpoff/senses.html 3) an article about migration and possible explanations. http://www.spaceforspecies.ca/awareness_and_action/conserve_species_habitats/ 4)Discover Magazine Online Go to the article "A Fish's Sixth Sense" http://www.discover.com/science_news/index.html 5)Sensory Receptors a very informative site about more sensory organs as receptors, and other scientific explanation of the senses. http://courses.nnu.edu/bi362bf/sensory.htm

Every Day, by David Levithan Essay -- Every Day, David Levithan

Breaking rules is what makes humans learn. This is what David Levithan interpreted in his 322-page fictional novel, Every Day. David Levithan uses characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to convey to readers that systems don’t follow rules. Every Day, a 322-page fictional novel by David Levithan takes place in Maryland. In the novel, Every Day, there are protagonists, and antagonists. The novel’s protagonist goes by the name A, and Rhiannon. The antagonists are Nathan, and Justin. Throughout the novel readers learn that A is not an ordinary human being. When A was born he was able to switch bodies of own his age everyday. When A was a toddler he thought that everyone was just like him, and he started to realize that his life was a lie. As the years went by a made up his own rules so he won’t ruin the person’s life, but that all changed when he was 16. He met a girl named Rhiannon through her boyfriend’s body, Justin. A fell in love with Rhiannon, and took her to the beach, and Rhiannon felt something different, and she liked it. One day A went into Nathan’s body, and went to a party to meet Rhiannon. A danced, and talked with her until he realized it was late and he had to leave as so on as possible. It was around 11 pm, and A couldn’t get to Nathan’s home any sooner so A went to the side of a road, and left the body. When Nathan woke up there were polices investigating his car. He claimed that a demon got inside him because he knew what was going on, but didn’t know how. A couple days later Justin wanted to tell Rhiannon who he was, and when he did she couldn’t believe him, but as time went by he started to fall for her. During the climax of the story Justin saw Rhiannon talking to A. Justin came up to A and they started to... ... systems don’t follow the rules because even though A knew the consequences of going to the party, and not getting home on time could affect his life, and secret. Levithan used irony to show readers, systems don’t follow rules by proving the universal theme. A 332-page fictional novel, Every Day, uses, characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to convey to readers that, systems don’t follow rules. In the novel, A is not a human; he is a soul wandering body to body each day. He fell in love with a girl named Rhiannon, and wanted her, but he knew it was impossible because of his conditions. The novel took place in Maryland, and was based off of A’s life. David Levithan used characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to show readers that you don’t have to follow rules, because it won’t lead you to your destiny. Works Cited http://www.polishmywriting.com/

Is Chocolate Physiologically or Psychologically Addictive? Essay

Is Chocolate Physiologically or Psychologically Addictive? Chocolate is made from the seeds of the tropical tree, Theobroma cacao. Theobroma is the Greek term for 'food of the gods.' In Aztec society chocolate was a food of the gods, reserved for priests, warriors and nobility. The Aztecs used cacao beans to make a hot, frothy and bitter beverage called chocolatl. Chocolatl was a sacred concoction that was associated with fertility and wisdom. It was also thought to have stimulating and restorative properties. The bitter drink was first introduced to Europe in 1528. However, it was not until 1876 that milk, cocoa powder and cocoa butter were combined to form what we now know as chocolate (1). Today, production and consumption of chocolate is a global affair. People crave chocolate more than any other food. In the United States, the typical person eats 11.5 pounds of chocolate annually (2). What makes chocolate the food that is craved more often than any other food? Yes, chocolate tastes good, has a beautiful texture and melts in your mouth, but there must be more to chocolate than what meets the lips. In fact, chocolate is made up of chemicals associated with mood, emotion and addiction. Many people eat chocolate as a comfort food when they are depressed or stressed. The question is, do people crave chocolate because their bodies and brains are addicted to the chemicals in it or do people crave chocolate because they have a psychological attachment to it? Substances found in chocolate, such as phenylethylamine, theobromine, anandamide and tryptophan trigger mood enhancing chemicals and neurotransmitters to be released in the brain. Phenylethylamine is a chemical found in the body that is similar to amphetamine. It he... ...es 1)CHOCOLATE, on the Chocolate web site http://www.chocolate.org/ 2)Prescription-strength chocolate, on the Science News Online-Food for Thought web site http://www.science.org/sn_arch/10_12_96/food.htm 3)Chocolate and Anxiety, on the About the Human Internet web site http://panicdisorder.about.com/cs/shfitness/a/chocolate.htm 4)Theobromine: Chocolate's Caffeine Cousin, on the About the Human Internet web site http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/?once=true& 5)Chocolate "addiction" A Fiction?, on the Personal MC web site http://www.personalmd.com/news/a1998121611.shtml 6)Health and Happiness-does chocolate have it all wrapped up?, on the IFIS Hot Topic web site http://www.ifis.co.uk/index.html 7)Chocolate: A heart-healthy confection?, on the CNN web site http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/diet.fitness/02/02/chocolate.wmd/

Bad behaviour

Behavior is defined as the way a person undertakes his or her actions. Bad behaviors can be curbed by either positive or negative punishment. I have developed a bad behavior of back biting which I am very determined to finish. I have become a very nuisance gossiper whereby I can back bite ten neighbors in a day. Every time I get a neighbor outside her premises, I always tell her news about the other neighbors with so much exaggeration. I can not leave any rumor undiscussed.Since most of the stories of are not truthful, they end up reaching the person I have talked about. This behavior is costing me most of my friends hence the reason why am seriously thinking about quitting by employing positive punishment. For a start I will begin with always keeping my self busy so as to minimize the chances of meeting my neighbors. Day one: I manage to stay indoors for most of the day but I meet some of my neighbors on my way to the grocery store and although I restrain myself, I end up back bitin g ten times as usual.Day two: am feeling like no matter what happens am not supposed to talk about anybody but unfortunately, my next door neighbor comes visiting. One thing leads to another and I end up discussing seven of my friends. At the end of the day although I can see there is an improvement I am not comfortable. Day three: I nearly swear that am no longer going to be gossiping people, because I have already realized that my greatest weakness is being close to anyone who is willing to listen to my fake news.Although the urge of talking ill about somebody is almost killing me, I do as much as I can to restrain myself but I end up gossiping five neighbors. Day four: I have so much household chores to attend to so I spend the whole day indoors and luckily, I receive two friends only who I send off immediately after attending to them so I manage to finish the day without back biting anyone. I congratulate myself at the end of the day and see it as a day well spent. Day five: I t ravel to visit my grannies who live hundred miles from my home.Although I do not meet with any of my neighbors, I meet an old acquaintance whom we used to live with in the same neighborhood and eventually we gossip three of my neighbors. Day six: I am feeling tired due to my yesterday’s traveling so I don’t feel like seeing any neighbor and therefore I manage to finish the day without a single gossip Day seven: I think I am getting used to not gossiping at all and in fact I don’t feel the urge I had before I decided to quit this bad behavior.Although I happen to meet to meet with some of my neighbors, I happen to gossip no one (Sundel, Sundel, 2005 p 130- 137) I have a major improvement although I have not stopped completely. I think that it is just a matter of time and I quit it all together. REFERENCES Changing Behavior with Positive Reinforcement, retrieved on 3rd, November, 2008, available at http://www. fairview. org/healthlibrary/content/bha_behav_bha. htm Martin Sundel, Sandra Stone Sundel (2005) Behavior Change in the Human Services: Behavioral and Cognitive Principles and Applications, NY, SAGE,

Technology and Healthcare/Services

The world without prison would not have a proper criminal justice system. The law and government uses the prisons for punishment when criminal have committed a crime and other look at prison as a rehabilitate center for criminal that eventually would reunit with the society. People have there own opinion what prison is in that may be the case but people need to no that prison would always be apart of the criminal justice system. This paper will explain the climate of our agency, focusing on the organizational behavior factors that have the most significant influence, such as Leardership in all levels of management, Culture, Systems, Law, and Influential stakeholders, community groups, employees, and other agencies. Leadership structure for a prison. The warden is first in this case and then you have the guards. The administrators have leadership as well which is pretty much being in charge of the inmates in prison. The administrators controls the inmates movements, take actions when rules are broken, punish, and even get rewarded for behavior. Some of the inmates only follow the rule because the fear of the punishment and other just have respect. The leadership role that the warden and guards have was assigned by the government. The inmates in some sense has leadership as well. The inmates have gangs or groups that they put together and have a leader that give them structure. These leaders that create groups/organization and gangs are giving this leadership position because of there ability to lead as a dictate in not a follower. These leaders have the knowledge to design structure for the gang based on loyalty. These leaders made up there own rules and regulations plus a punishment system for the gang members that disobey the rules. But for people to no these are rules inside the jail that prisoner leaders make they still must follow the warden rules. The prison also deals with different cultures that have leaders with there structure of there system as well. The system is structure just the way gangs are structure just a few of these cultures have less violents. This kind of culture gang respect other gang members and also ensure order for inmates. Culture deals with creating numbers of gangs. Everyone is not just a gang banger but as a prisoner being around gangs could force someone to seek for protection through a gang or even just like to assicate with people like them to feel like they belong. These kinds of cultures also keeps a low profile with not involving themselves with other that are not like them most of these groups try to stay positive and productive. You also have perpetuated cultures that have the most up right respect for inmates that been there for many years knowing that they have the wisdom to survive in there they get respect. Inmates that have been in a long time get respect because of the time that is being served other inmates look up to them for being able to survive in such harsh place. The warden also have other systems that inmates must follower such chores that must be shared with other inmates and labor. Now you have the outside groups that can be a factor with structuring gangs in prison from the outside. Some civic groups or non-government organization can play a major role into structuring the gangs because of there interaction with inmates. These kind of outsider could influence inmates thoughts with negative suggestion while teaching them in them programs. These inmates trust these groups to help them cope with life in prison and out to try to stay positive at all times. The government and politician is the only hope for inmates because thats who provide the prisons with funds to have these kind of programs. With these programs can help some inmates that want the help to cope with the problem and make better decisions in life and make beter priosn systems. The results to these programs would be less crime in jail or prison, less aggressiveness, more order, and more peace even better condition in the prison and maybe a possiblity of the authority and the inmates to work together in harmony. This discuss give an overview of the prison look at organizational structure. Interactions which is among the warden, guards, inmates, and outsider showing how hard it is in the prison system of structure and hoping its the same everywhere. Once a person looked deep into considering some different things such as groups and stakeholders could help because they have a major role i within the prison system to help make a successful structure in these kinds of situation. The improvement of organization climate is going to come from the warden and the guards ensuring that they understand and feel the internal system that inmates tryed to created.

Small and Medium Enterprise

Accessibility Monorails for Urban Community in Jakarta Contemporary societies heavily depend on transportation and modern social life is possible only if people have mobility on a daily basis?the ability to move around so that they can do what they have to do or like to do (Augurs, 2004).On the one hand, high personal mobility and the lifestyle choices are features of modern societies but costs and constraints involved in meeting this demand threaten communities in important ways via financial impositions, increases in pollution and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, promotion of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or bush land and depletion of scarce fossil fuel reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays almost every day mass media in Indonesia review the issues about poor public transport and increasing levels of traffic congestion in Jakarta.The problem of congestion and poor of public transportation services is the triggers that increased of using private c ars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration rate of growth private motor vehicles, both motorcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). Congestion reducing approach by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation services is to be important. Failure of transportation systems will interfere with the development of an area, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service will encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this fact, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government immediately revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by providing safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The availability and cost effectiveness of public transportation is also vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improving mobility. Improvements of public transport will help to reduce congestion, air pollution, also oil and energy consumption. One of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The reason to build monorails, because each and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers are carried on monorails, environment friendly and also cost effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta will getting worse of congestion if not solving efforts from now.Some of other causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There are several ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jakarta. Certainly can be done as an approach, such as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the highway and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly representative and already operates nearly aro und 9 years old with Eng corridors more than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the vision of a city. Life and economic activity of a city, depending on how easily people to travel or mobility and how often they can do it to various destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to provides the opportunity for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustworthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped together with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as â€Å"A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elev ated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a long-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an international reference about what, why in order to prepare and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails; 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are approximately the same for any electrically powered modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious operational accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has also been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and vi sionary concepts, This may be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down time, less liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where street rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) can't offer this kind of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary consideration in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are ensure passengers safety and comfort during their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited recent interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air conditioning systems, the vehicles' air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to bring an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to pro vide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time feeling boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have long sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wildlife and humans would be safer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four times more efficient than the car and three times more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5); also because m ost of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the required energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system fed by the public power grid or a distant small size power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local exhaust emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction period of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost much more than bus systems. However they usually cost less than light rail systems, considerably less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may exceed that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which influence the price of building a monorail system. Included factors are as follow: 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain flat or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, telephone lines, etc. Can have a significant effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the speed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional technical advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoi ng evolutional modifications, which will continue to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably leading us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the conventional public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, probably the most sensible way to deal with the negative effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, soaring costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of required design elements prevent this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the overall benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation. Small and Medium Enterprise Accessibility Monorails for Urban Community in Jakarta Contemporary societies heavily depend on transportation and modern social life is possible only if people have mobility on a daily basis?the ability to move around so that they can do what they have to do or like to do (Augurs, 2004).On the one hand, high personal mobility and the lifestyle choices are features of modern societies but costs and constraints involved in meeting this demand threaten communities in important ways via financial impositions, increases in pollution and greenhouse effects and reduction of local amenity, promotion of dispersed development and the aka up of farm or bush land and depletion of scarce fossil fuel reserves (G, 1999, up. 11-122). Nowadays almost every day mass media in Indonesia review the issues about poor public transport and increasing levels of traffic congestion in Jakarta.The problem of congestion and poor of public transportation services is the triggers that increased of using private c ars in Jakarta which causes the high acceleration rate of growth private motor vehicles, both motorcycles and cars since 1999 (Table. L). Congestion reducing approach by push the using of private motor vehicles and evitable of public transportation services is to be important. Failure of transportation systems will interfere with the development of an area, affecting the efficiency of the urban economy.Provides good public transportation service will encourage people to change from private vehicles to public transportation. Based on this fact, the people in Jakarta hope that Jakarta Provincial Government immediately revivalist the public transportation services. Given the fact how important to managing for excellence in public transportation, one of those benefits is public transportation improves the quality of life in immunities by providing safe, efficient, and economical transportation service (Klein, 2005, p. 154).The availability and cost effectiveness of public transportation is also vital to ensuring a healthy economy and improving mobility. Improvements of public transport will help to reduce congestion, air pollution, also oil and energy consumption. One of our government program is to build monorails in Jakarta. The reason to build monorails, because each and every day hundreds of thousands of passengers are carried on monorails, environment friendly and also cost effective (Greenwood, 1963, up. 6-29). Lots of experts who concluded Jakarta will getting worse of congestion if not solving efforts from now.Some of other causes is the lack of public transport services and undisciplined road users in Jakarta. There are several ways or way out that can be used as an approach to solve the congestion problem in Jakarta. Certainly can be done as an approach, such as reducing the use of private motor vehicles and increased ethics, traffic discipline on the highway and revitalization the public Jakarta that fairly representative and already operates nearly aro und 9 years old with Eng corridors more than 200 Km, but Trans-Jakarta has not become a right answer of mass transportation in Jakarta.A new innovation that will implement in Jakarta is to build monorails transportation system. Build the monorails transportation system is not a purely economic and financial feasibility, but more than for the vision of a city. Life and economic activity of a city, depending on how easily people to travel or mobility and how often they can do it to various destinations in the city.Main objective from monorails transportation system is to provides the opportunity for people to improve the quality with a more liable, trustworthy, safe, comfortable, affordable and more economical. Monorails have often been lumped together with flying cars as part of a naive, cartoonist vision of the future (Kennedy, 2005, p. 2). The monorails society defines monorails as â€Å"A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles. In most cases rail is elev ated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels (Kennedy, 2005, p. ). Plan to build a monorails in Jakarta is still in a long-term process, but it would be better if the government has already started planning for NY particular infrastructure and study from an international reference about what, why in order to prepare and support this project. The reasons to support of using monorails; 1 . Monorails are nonpolluting, quite and automated, all these characteristics are approximately the same for any electrically powered modern transport system on a guide- way or rails. 2.Safety, the record has been extremely good, with serious operational accidents not yet encountered. 3. Personal safety has also been exceptional, and systems operate in controlled environments, and extensive surveillance programs done by monitors and safety response are in place. 4. Advanced technology image, monorails are associated in the public mind with technological advancement and vi sionary concepts, This may be a considerable positive force, possibly generating considerable public and civic support for implementation. Augurs, 2004). Monorails are categorized in Zero Accident or the safest public transpiration systems. Because of their elevated design, accidents with surface traffic are impossible. Zero accidents translates to no system down time, less liability suits and most importantly, no injuries or deaths where street rail systems with grade crossings (light rail, trams r trellises) can't offer this kind of safety. Also, passenger safety is a primary consideration in the design of modern monorails system.Various manufacturers are ensure passengers safety and comfort during their trips. These kind of modern cars benefited recent interior design techniques and modern convenience features such as fully automated air conditioning systems, the vehicles' air spring suspension and unobstructed passageways to bring an open atmosphere to the passengers, and to pro vide a pleasant time for passengers rather than a time feeling boxed in, as they feel like having fun walking in the air.Monorails are completely electric and produce zero emissions and, as meaner of transpiration, monorails aid in the removal of large amount of various motor vehicle traffics and reduced emissions by tons of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCE) and nitrogen oxides (Knox). Environmentalists have long sought to be rid of pollution and congestion caused by auto traffic in every preserved natural area. There are several examples of green monorails track through Jungle areas.Since most 66 monorails trains run above the surface, wildlife and humans would be safer, noise levels would be lower, and elution would be greatly reduced. Concerning CA emission in passenger transport the rail transport (including light, heavy rail and monorails) is four times more efficient than the car and three times more than the plane on average (Figure 4. 5); also because m ost of the modern light rail and monorails systems have electrical engines, the required energy is supplied by a stationary power supply system fed by the public power grid or a distant small size power plant.This meaner, the mentioned systems does not produce any local exhaust emissions. Assessment of the economic effects associated with the proposed monorails system as been divided into estimated cost values regarding construction period of the system and estimated benefit values associated with system services and consequent regional impact. Monorail systems are not cheap. They cost much more than bus systems. However they usually cost less than light rail systems, considerably less than heavy rail commuter railroads, and much less than underground light rail or subway systems.Even though bus systems normally cost much less, in the case of true bus rapid transit where specially-designed buses run on grade separated bus- only roadways, the costs may exceed that of a monorail line. Generally, there are many variables which influence the price of building a monorail system. Included factors are as follow: 1 . Total length of the system, in many cases, costs can be reduced the longer a system is. 2. Topography, is the terrain flat or hilly. 3. Location, what is the access for construction equipment?Will there be heavy traffic or other impediments to construction? 4. Utilities, relocation of water mains, power lines, telephone lines, etc. Can have a significant effect on cost increases. 6. Passenger requirements, what size and number of vehicles are required? How much time will they wait at stations? 7. Speed, what are the speed requirements of the system? Are there long enough distances between stations so that a higher speed is desired? 8. Number of stations, each additional station adds to the cost. 9. Special structures, such as tunnels, bridges.The swift evolutional technical advancements are inseparable part of our contemporary urban societies. These ongoi ng evolutional modifications, which will continue to reconstruct future cities, are inevitably leading us to dissect the unsent influences on our lives. While, the conventional public transportation does not yet provide the comfort level of a private vehicle, probably the most sensible way to deal with the negative effects of such transformations is to employ recent technical enhancements in our everyday transit systems.However, the relatively high cost of monorail construction has undoubtedly been a factor in limiting the size of these operating systems. Although, soaring costs, long construction timeshare, and immense complexity of required design elements prevent this type of transportation ode to be looked at seriously within the metropolitan areas, the overall benefits make monorail as one the best solutions for institutional usages. ( Danna Parapets ) Bibliography Greenwood, F. H. , 1963. Monorails for Metropolitan Transportation.

A&P by John Updike Essay

The story A&P by John Updike is quite well-written. Despite the fact that the story itself does not have too much content, the author is able to keep the reader interested till the very last line. It’s a simple story and the main theme is the rejection of societal norms and restrictions. Sammy who works in the A&P store represents a teenager who takes an on-the-spot decision to stand up to his boss, disagree with his actions and move on with his life. This occurs when three girls in very skimpy clothes visit the store to buy snacks. Their skimpy attire offends the store manager Mr. Langley and he makes it a point to inform the girls that they should be dressed more appropriately next time they enter his store. â€Å"He comes over and says, â€Å"Girls this isn’t the beach† and when the girls react to his statement he says â€Å"I don’t want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. It’s our policy. † Basically, Langley is a conservative who did not like these girls indecently exposing their bodies. On the other hand, this is a free world and people like Mr. Langley have no right to impose their point of view on others. That is precisely why Sammy decided to quit his job even though he is aware that once he loses this job, his life will become more difficult, and his parents will be worried and angry and that there will be consequences of his action. â€Å"You’ll feel this for the rest of your life,† Lengel says and I know that’s true, too†. Nevertheless, he wants to prove his point and wants to stand up for what he believes and that is why he quits and moves on with his life. Overall, it’s a simple story but makes a valid point and is narrated in a very interesting manner. Some questions for others to think about: 1. Why did Sammy feel so strongly about Mr. Langley’s behavior? 2. Do you think Sammy did the right thing? 3. Do you think its right for teenagers today to behave indecently or do you think it’s the old generation which needs to change their attitude? Bibliography 1. Updike, John. (1993) A&P from Rubinstein and Larson’s Worlds of Fiction. Macmillan Coll Div.