Shakespeares Othello - Desdemona the Ideal Essay -- Othello essays

Desdemona the Ideal What wife can compare to the ideal wife which the Bard of Avon has painted for us in his tragedy Othello? She is appreciated by everyone except the villain. Angela Pitt in Women in Shakespeares Tragedies comments on Desdemona as the ideal wife Handbooks of the period explain in or so detail what is required of the ideal wife, and Desdemona seems to fulfill even the most conservative expectation. She is beautiful and also humble A maiden never bold Of shade so still and quiet that her motion Blushed at herself. (I.iii.) Her concern for Cassio shows her generosity, for she will intercede for him with Othello. She is wise, and also a true and loving wife the sweetest innocent that eer did lift up eye. (44-45) David Bevington in William Shakespeare Four Tragedies describes the depth of virtue within this tragic heroine We believe her Desdemona when she says that she does not even know what it gist to be unfaithful the word whore is not in her vocabulary. She is defenseless against the charges brought against her because she does not even comprehend them, cannot believe that anyone would imagine such things. Her love, both sexy and chaste, is of that transcendent wholesomeness common to several late Shakespearean heroines . . .. Her preferring Othello to her father, like Cordelias placing her duty to a husband before that to a father, is not ungrateful further natural and proper. (221) Blanche Coles in Shakespeares Four Giants interprets the protagonists very meaningful four-word greeting to Desdemona which he utters upon disembarking in Cyprus Othellos four words, O, my souls joy, tel... ...mind behind the murder results in Iagos murder of her. Gullible Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed abutting to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love for Desdemona prior to Iagos machinations. WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. fresh York Bantam Books, 1980. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Gender and Equality in the Workforce in the USSR Essay -- Equality Emp

Gender and Equality in the Workforce in the USSRFor every person, different reasons exist to go out and seek employment. These reasons, however, stem from the type of governing body that people are ruled by. In Russia, during the period that will be discussed, a Socialist government ruled the USSR. It was under this government, that everyone was to have a job and unemployment was to be kept at a minimum. During this socialist regime, the attitudes to working will be taken from the perspectives of trine related women. The first woman, Mela Krul, was born in 1932 and is the mother of Alla Veitsman and Helen Krul Zlatkin. Alla Veitsman is the oldest sister and was born in 1954. Although her work experience under the socialist government is brief, it shows signs of the progress that women make during the middle to late 1900s. Helen Zlatkin, born in 1962, had no work experience in the former USSR, still her personal account demonstrates the types of choices that women made in pose to have both(prenominal) family and work. Mela Krul was the only one who had extensive work experience in the USSR, however she was able to see the changes and progress that women underwent through the daily activities and choices that both of her daughters made. As these three women came to the United States of America, along with their families, they faced a democratic government where employment was non guaranteed and women did have to face the hardships of unemployment, and more importantly, inequality. It would be the value and traditions that both Alla and Helen believed in that allowed them to be successful and relatively unaffected by inequality. In the time period that the three women lived in the USSR, society was ruled by socialism (communists did exist, but were not the majority). Under this theory of government, everyone worked it was believed to be a disgrace if a person simply sat at home and did not participate in the labor force. The goal was to have every citizen i n the USSR working there was little focus on quality or productivity, earlier Soviet policies rested on the assumption that genuine equality and independence for women depended on full economics participation. (Lapidus 168) People were encouraged to work, not to meet their possible in the workplace. In order to receive their monthly pay in rubles, the workers had a quota to meet. The workers rarely met this quota --... ...to a certain age group desire these things -- but she did not take into account immigrants. No matter when a certain immigrant woman is born, once she has arrived into the United States she wants a job and a family -- a course comes later. For an immigrant woman, it is never a question between a family or a job, you have both -- you must have a job to keep the family sanguine and in need of nothing. For an immigrant woman coming from a socialist government where bene ticks were nonexistent, jobs in America that do offer benefits do not advocate inequality, but advocate progress and an opportunity to support ones family by fully participating in the labor market. Immigrant families never lose sight of the importance of family and the support that they freighter offer you. Society is constantly changing and new and better things are always improving, but the help of ones family members can never be overlooked -- slightly traditions promote modernization and progress. The authors of the economic models discussed try to fit people into categories without taking into account very important exceptions -- personal values will never fit into categories and will always promote equality and progress.

research study on gender differences Essay -- essays research papers

Non-verbal communication is defined as communication with bulge out words. (Devito, 116) Throughout your intersomebodyal interactions, your face communicates many things, especi on the wholey your emotions. (Devito, 125) Women ar stereotyped in todays society as to being more than mad than men in emotional set(p)tings. Not in all instances is this true, however, men feel they need to set a strong, domineering, display of their emotions and the way they react towards certain emotional situations. gender display rules are a set of rules that usually either male or female follow in order to fit their specific gender script in society. It is stated in the textbook that women talk more about feelings and emotions and use communication for emotional expression more then men, and because of this females express themselves facially more than men. (Devito, 148) The research phrase I chose to summarize for part deuce of the textbook is titled, Gender Difference in Facial Reaction to Fea r-relevant Stimuli. The focus of this was to discover whether females are predominantly more facially reactive than males, or whether females are more emotionally reactive in general, as reflected even by non-facial reactions such as autonomic responding and emotional experience. (Thunberg & Dimberg)In previous research on nonverbal communication, results stated that females tend to be more emotional than men in emotional situations. (Thunberg & Dimberg) Research similarly found that imagery-induced emotions as well as visually presented emotional stimuli generate specific facial EMG responses that are interpretable as negative and corroborative emotional responses. Further studies with EMG testing, which is a test that evaluates reactions towards emotional activity, shows that women are more emotionally reactive in general. With these given results to previous research, the authors of this article presented two hypotheses, which they will use to explain the following study. These hypotheses are, 1. That when exposed to emotional stimuli, females are specifically more facially reactive, but not more reactive in other respects, and, 2, that females are more emotionally reactive in general. (Thunberg & Dimberg, 2) The main purpose of the study was to distinguish the results between the two given hypotheses. Ninety-six students from Uppsala ... ...n my family, I can speak that my family is different when it comes to gender display rules. When I was fourteen years old I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. When I found out the diagnosis, I cried for weeks, along with my mother, father, and brother. My father and brother were not ashamed to cry in the hospital with me. However, my family has always been emotional, and I am aware that every family and person is different. Thus, having an emotional family, gave me reason to think that it is not true that men dont cry or show emotions. Of course, everyone is different, and after taking this class in concert with Fam ily and Society I am on my way to a very open attitude about a lot of different aspects on different issues with Gender, families, communication skills, etc., where to before I was very objective to everyone and everything, except my own. ReferencesDevito, Joseph A. Messages Building Interpersonal Communication Skills. Hunter College of the City University of New York. United States, 2005Thunberg, Monika, Dimberg, Ulf. Gender Difference in Facial Reaction to Fear-Relevant Stimuli. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. New York Spring 2000. Vol. 24, Iss1 PG 45

Wal-Mart?s SMART Inventory System Essay -- essays research papers

After extensive last minute digging, I finally found a manager who sure me enough to supply me with the name of the inventory system that is used. Unfortunately for me this is all I could uncover from my employer, but it is a start. Wal-Mart uses the SMART system. Because of the way it is spelled I lavatory only assume that it is an acronym. I have been searching for over an hour on Google.com and finally produced some meager results, but here they are.BackgroundFrom the results produced, I am at the deduction that SMART is not an acronym after all. SMART is basically a tracking system, it keeps track of all our inventory, the on-hand counts, and can automatically rank product that is low or empty. As stated last week, most interaction with the SMART system is through the Telxon. Just to recap, the Telxon is a 900 MHz receiving set handheld terminal equipped with a barcode creamner. When a barcode is scanned, almost instantly the item number, a short description, on hand counts and amount on hunting lodge are displayed. The technicalities are a mystery to me but I can only assume that the Telxon is linking to the SMART database to retrieve all of this information. All from a simple thing like a barcode which is just a set of numbers that are unique, like a primary key. Strengths of SMARTThe actual database has to be enormous. on that point are so many products that the Wally keeps track of. All of which must be in the same database because products we dont carry will still scan and give...

Shigella flexneri :: Medical Health Biology Essays

Shigella flexneriShigella flexneri, a facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative rod that is the causative agent of diarrhea and dysentery in humans. potentially life-threatening, S. flexneris effects include bacteremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and toxic megacolon (4). The principle disease of diarrhea and dysentery caused by this pathogen is known as shigellosis. 10-100 organisms are sufficient to cause disease, and transmittance is generally from person-to-person by way of fecal-oral (2). Shigellosis can be characterized as a disease with over 60% incidence in children ages 1-5 (6). tone cycleS. flexneri causes infection via bacterial penetration of the mucous membrane in the human colon. Humans are the only known reservoir to this pathogen (7). Following onset of M cells and upon contact with the epithelial cells of the colon, S. flexneri releases Ipa proteins through a type three secretion system. at one time inside the army cell, Ipa proteins activate small GTPases in the Rho family as well as c-src, a protooncogene, leading to cytoskeletal rearrangements. This alteration to the cytoskeleton allows the bacteria to be macropinocytosed by the host cell. once inside the host, the pathogen colonizes the cytoplasm. IcsA, a bacterial surface protein, activates the host protein N-WASP and, in turn, stimulates actin assembly by host Arp 2/3. Thus, S. flexneri develops actin-based motility enabling the pathogen to become efficient at cell-to-cell spread and host cell cytoplasmic colonization. infected cells become highly proinflammatory and secrete IL-8. IL-8 attracts neutrophils to the site of infection. The influx of neutrophils, chemokines and cytokines to the area damages the epithelial layer permeability and, in turn, advocates further S. flexneri invasion (6). Once initial invasion of S. flexneri occurs, the targeted epithelial cells require 45 minutes to 4 hours to mount an inflammator y response (8).A diagram outlining S. flexneris type three secretion system can be viewed at http//www.grad.ucl.ac.uk/comp/2003/jointposter/gallery/index.pht?entryID=29 VirulenceA 214-kb virulence plasmid encodes for S. flexneris entry into human epithelial cells and intra-intercellular movement (6). Once in contact with the target cell, Ipa proteins (IpaB, IpaC and Ipa D) encode for a specific type III secretion system, thus, enabling entry of the pathogen into the target cell and characterizing S. flexneri with an invasive phenotype (1). wiz 30-kb block of the plasmid contains genes at the ipa/mxi-spa locus.

Shigella flexneri :: Medical Health Biology Essays

Shigella flexneriShigella flexneri, a facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative rod that is the causative agent of diarrhea and dysentery in humans. Potentially life-threatening, S. flexneris effects include bacteremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and toxic megacolon (4). The principle disease of diarrhea and dysentery received by this pathogen is known as shigellosis. 10-100 organisms are sufficient to cause disease, and transmission is generally from person-to-person by way of fecal-oral (2). Shigellosis can be characterized as a disease with over 60% incidence in children ages 1-5 (6).Life cycleS. flexneri causes infection via bacterial penetration of the mucous membrane in the human colon. Humans are the only known reservoir to this pathogen (7). next usurpation of M cells and upon contact with the epithelial cells of the colon, S. flexneri releases Ipa proteins through a type cardinal secretion system. Once inside the ho st cell, Ipa proteins activate small GTPases in the Rho family as well as c-src, a protooncogene, leading to cytoskeletal rearrangements. This alteration to the cytoskeleton allows the bacteria to be macropinocytosed by the host cell. Once inside the host, the pathogen colonizes the cytoplasm. IcsA, a bacterial go up protein, activates the host protein N-WASP and, in turn, stimulates actin assembly by host Arp 2/3. Thus, S. flexneri develops actin-based motility enabling the pathogen to become efficient at cell-to-cell spread and host cell cytoplasmic colonization. Infected cells become highly proinflammatory and secrete IL-8. IL-8 attracts neutrophils to the site of infection. The influx of neutrophils, chemokines and cytokines to the area damages the epithelial layer permeability and, in turn, advocates further S. flexneri invasion (6). Once initial invasion of S. flexneri occurs, the targeted epithelial cells require 45 minutes to 4 hours to mount an inflammatory res ponse (8).A diagram outlining S. flexneris type three secretion system can be viewed at http//www.grad.ucl.ac.uk/comp/2003/jointposter/gallery/index.pht?entryID=29 VirulenceA 214-kb virulence plasmid encodes for S. flexneris entry into human epithelial cells and intra-intercellular apparent motion (6). Once in contact with the target cell, Ipa proteins (IpaB, IpaC and Ipa D) encode for a specific type III secretion system, thus, enabling entry of the pathogen into the target cell and characterizing S. flexneri with an encroaching(a) phenotype (1). One 30-kb block of the plasmid contains genes at the ipa/mxi-spa locus.

Describe the Potential Effects of Discrimination

Applied Business Unit 8 Business final causening confinement 6 Worksheet Task Six financial Planning YOU CANNOT strike AND/OR COMPLETE THIS WITHOUT A FINAL SALES FORECAST AND A LIST OF ALL YOUR OPERATIONAL COSTS - Lesson breakdown - Lesson 1 Introduction to Financial Planning and how do we create an integrated contrive Focus on gold liquefy picture using trading ope rations think -Lesson 2+3 bullion flow analysis and burgeon forth aims and objectives - Introduce ILP-time-off work to do - Lesson 4 Cash flow revisions, Problem spotting based on cash flow and cultivate aims and objectives - Lesson 5 internet and loss account and Financial Ratio analysis and larning aims and objectives - Lesson 6 Break Even analysis and accordingly develop aims and objectives -Lesson 7 Final Amendments to Financial Planning Problem spotting based on P&L, ratio analysis, break-even and develop plan Task 6 Brief Overview * In this member, you atomic number 18 going to produce financia l documents for your line of merchandise proposal. You will impoverishment to use the gross revenue forecasts and operations plan that you produced earlier. This section is important as you are attracting investment and assessing the viability of your plan * Calculate, analyse and evaluate the following Use these subheadings in your report * Size and duration of budget * Start-up cost track cost * Cash flow forecast * Break even analysis * Financial ratios * Profit and loss * Analyse all your financial documents demonstrate detailed countation for the Aims and Objectives * Are they secured? * If not what are the possible paradoxs this can cause your barter? * Can you think of any solutions to assistant you to overcome these problems so that you could achieve your aims? SUBMISSION OF TASK 6 The following is to be submitted as a Word document Use the following headings for your submission of your Financial Plan 1st submission.Copy and paste these into your final document Sub mit all work on moodle for deadline 3rd December 2010 (415PM) 1. Financial Planning (main heading) 2. Cash Flow calculate Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )CFF Tables) a. Cash Flow Forecasting analysis (of each CFF produced) 3. Profit and Loss statement and Financial Ratios Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )P&L and F/R Tables) b. Profit and Loss statement and Financial Ratios analysis (of each P&L and F/R produced) 4. Breakeven Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )Breakeven Tables) . Breakeven analysis (of each Breakeven produced) TASK 6 FINANCIAL PLANNING CONTENT/ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST CRITERIA exchange FLOW FORECASTING 1. Start-up budget a) 12 monthly graph (Cut and paste information from your cash flow forecast for your first graph) b) synopsis needs to analyze I. You moldinessiness direct an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your craft proposal. II. seek used to plump for and develop aims and objectives / self-possession/ observe force play III. Research used to underpin and develop strain psyche IV.Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and overly your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original melodic theme/USP/aims do you gather in to consider in elation of this new data? 2. Running costs a) 12 monthly graph (Cut and paste information from your cash flow forecast for your first graph) b) Analysis needs to consider I. You essential establish an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your parentage proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III.Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? 3. 12 monthly Cash Forecast 1 Your initial forecast used to help identify problems a) Analysis needs to consider I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III.Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? 4. MB4 12 Monthly Cash Forecast 2 A workings example of your solutions to your identified problems in CFF1 a) Analysis needs to consider I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. II.Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims an d objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? make headway AND LOSS ACCOUNT 5. Profit and Loss Account 1 Your initial forecast used to help identify problems a) Analysis needs to consider I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the ims and objectives of your business proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? 6. MB4 Profit and Loss Account 2 A worked example of your solutions to your identified problems in P&L1 b) Analysis needs to consider VI.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. VII. Research used to und erpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel VIII. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IX. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives X. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? FINANCIAL RATIOS 7. Financial Ratios perfect(a) and moolah Profit for P&L account 1 a) Analysis needs to considerI. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? 8. MB4 Financial Ratios Gross and Net Profit for P&L account 2 a) Analysis needs to consider I.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? BREAKEVEN 9. Breakeven bow and calculation1 Your initial forecast used to help identify problems a) Analysis needs to consider I.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you h ave to consider in light of this new data? 10. MB4 Breakeven table and calculation2 A working example of your solutions to your identified problems b) Analysis needs to considerVI. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. VII. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel VIII. Research used to underpin and develop business idea IX. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives X. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? TASK 6 ASSESSMENT GUIDE HOW TO ACHIEVE THE BEST RESULTS? * You are assessed in Task 6 for BOTH AO2 and AO3 marks AO2 is marked erupt of 22 marks and all learners should be aiming for a minimum of MB4 which is 17/22 marks * AO3 is marked out of 14 and at this stage all learners should be aiming for a minimum of MB4 which is 11-14 marks. * We will award h igh marks for those learners who can * Purposefully select data from a wide concatenation of semens, * Analyse the problem and possible solutions * Develop their plan based upon research. * Give an in-depth explanation of how the marketing plan could achieve the aims and objectives of the business proposal. AO2 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A business plan which allows aspects of the marketing plan. A description of how this supports the aims and objectives of the business proposal. A business plan which contains the marketingPlan. A basic explanation of how this contributes to achieving the aims and objectives of the business proposal. A business plan which contains a developed marketing plan. An explanation of how this could achieve the aims and objectives of the business proposal. A business plan which contains comprehensive marketing plan.An in-depth explanation of how this could achieve the aims and objective s of the business proposal. * Aspects of the components are produced * Superficial coverage of aims and objective * The components are complete * Aims and objectives are broadly considered * The components are complete and developed * Beginning to target particular aims and objectives, but lacks precision * The components are complete, developed and address the key parts of the problem * Targeting particular aims and objectives with precision AO3 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Collects some up-to-date data from a limited value of sources. Uses numerical and/or non-numerical techniqueson the collected data to provide a partial analysisof the requirements of the marketing plan the operations plan the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to identify some relevant elements of the business plan. Selects some up-to-date data from a limited range of sources. Uses numerical and/or non-numerical techniques on selected data to provide a par tial analysis of therequirements of the marketing plan the operations plan the financial plan.Uses the results of the analysis to delimitate a relevant business plan. Selects relevant and up-to-date data from a range of sources. Uses appropriate numerical and/or non-numericaltechniques on selected data to provide a partial analysisof the requirements of the marketing plan the operations plan the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to develop a relevant business plan, which considers the aims and objectives, form of ownership and key personnel required. Selects relevant and up-to-date data from a wide range of sources. Uses appropriate numerical and/or non-numericaltechniques on selected data to analyse the requirementsof the marketing plan the operations plan the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to develop a consistentand integrated business plan, showing detailedconsideration of the aims and objectives, form of ownership and key personnel required. M B1 MB2 MB3 MB4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Collects data from a limited range of sourcesProcesses dataIdentifies some elements of the plans components Selects data from a limited range of sourcesProcesses selected dataOutlines components of the plan Purposefully selects dataAnalyses key parts of the problem or practical solutionsDevelops components of the plan Purposeful selects data from a wide range of sourcesAnalyses key parts of the problem AND practical solutionsDevelops integrated components of the plan Follow the below detailed overview of each assign for advice and help on how to achieve MB4 for Task 6Task 6 MB4 Detailed Overview CASH FLOW FORECAST, ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT Lesson 1 Task 1 1. Download cash flow forecast from moodle 2. Complete pre start up budget (SEE CASE STUDY ) 3. Complete pre start-up costs calculated from T5 4. Insert monthly gross sales figures from final sales forecast 5. Insert monthly fixed costs calculated from T5 6. Insert monthly variable c osts from T5 Lesson 2+3 Task 2 Analysis * All marks gained with this task is from your analysis of your financial data not from your reports themselves. -Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also how your aims and objectives can/cant be achieved Learners can achieve MB4 in A02/A03 by following the Financial Planning Assessment Objectives which requires them to identify problem areas and developing practical solutions to consider alternative perspectives. What you will need to include will depend on your individual business proposal. You need to identify areas of helplessness such as high fixed costs, start up costs? * Perhaps you need a cash injection by selling equity to help you pay for start up costs? It could be you source alternative suppliers for your variable costs or project that you will pay 30 days later which is to modify your working capital. * What is happening to the figures in the pull in cash flow cells, are you losing money each week? * This is a cash flow negative situation. * Or are you cash flow coercive? * How long before you are cash flow positive? * Why is this so long? Lesson 3+4 Task 3 MB4- Revised cash flow forecast * MB4- You need to produce a refined Cash Flow forecast based upon the analysis of the key issues identified in T6 task 2. This is to include the developments you have made. Label this Cash Flow Forecast 2. * You need to analyse CFF2 * Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can be met- How/Why? PROFIT AND LOSS and FINANCIAL RATIOS Lesson 4 Task 1 1. Download Profit and loss template from moodle 2. Insert sales for year 1 from your final sales forecast 3. What is the total cost of these sales? How much were the total variable costs related to the output. These are costs such as ingredients, packaging or price of the club. Put this figure in Direct costs/cost of materials sold 4.Calculate A-B to = C which is the identification of Gross P rofit 5. Insert all another(prenominal) costs for the year in the respective headings, adding headings where needed. 6. Add up all your total overheads and insert this figure in D 7. Calculate C-D to identify Net Profit or Loss Figure 8. Calculate your Gross Profit MB4- Task 1 b Revised PROFIT AND LOSS and FINANCIAL RATIOS You must now repeat this action again for the second cash flow forecast figures * You need to analyse P&L2 AND F/R2 * Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can be met- How/Why?Task 2= Financial Ratios Overview Profitability ratios are a key source of information for both investors and business planners. They provide a clear image of the business both in terms of your costs and service. A strong ratio can be the leaving between investment and failure. Task A 1. Use the figures in your first profit and loss account to calculate Gross Profit Ratio. - Gross Profit margin - A measurement of how much profi t the business has made on its buying and selling activities. How good a business is at trading. - Gross Profit margin= Gross Profit/turnover (Sales Revenue) X 100 (%) - The higher the % the better, e. g. - A GPM of 45% means that for every ? 1 of sales, the firm makes 45p in gross profit 2. Use the figures in your first profit and loss account to calculate Net Profit Ratio. - Net Profit margin It is a measure of how much overall profit the business has made after taking into account all relevant costs that have been incurred. - Net profit margin= net profit/turnover (sales revenue) X 100 - The higher the % the better, e. g. - A NPM of 45% means that for every ? 1 of sales, the firm makes 45p in pristine profit Task B MB4 Complete for 2nd profit and loss account if constructed CFF2 Task 3= Analysis You must now undertake a critical analysis of each profit and loss account with clear reference and commentary related to the key issues such as profit or loss, gross profit, overhead costs, GPM, NPM etc * Clearly relate back to the businesses achievement of its aims and objectives (explain HOW AND WHY THEY ARE ACHIEVED), developing or revising your aims where necessary in your business plan. * gather clear reference to the FIGURES from your profit or loss, gross profit, overhead costs etc * You must undertake a critical analysis of each financial ratio * Identify and problems and/or solutions Are you profitable? If so by how much? * Can you grow? * Which costs are too high? * How can you improve your profitability? * What are the possible knock-on effects of these solutions for your business> * Which costs could be reduced? If so what would the possible impact of this be on your business idea? * Which costs cannot be reduced further? Why? What problems does this bring up? * How does a cash injection help or hinder the financial ratios/P&L? BREAK EVEN Task 1 1. Download the Breakeven table from Moodle 2.Input into the table your Annual Revenue (TR), annual FC and VC (with total FC and VC), and total costs. 3. You must then divide the total variable costs by the number of units you are selling in a year ( units can be the bottles/ no of clubbers you expect/ etc in a year) 4. This will give you the variable cost /unit 5. You must now calculate the break even OUTPUT engineer using the formula 6. MB4 Calculate Break Even 2 from your revised financial documents 7. All marks gained with this task is from your analysis of your financial data not from your reports themselves. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can/cant be achieved * Do you break even? * If so at what output? * Work out from your sales forecast when you will reach this breakeven output level * What aims can be achieved? How? Why? * If you dont breakeven why not? * You need to identify areas of weakness such as high fixed costs, start up costs, raw materials, low selling price? * What aims cant be achieved? How? Why ? * What could you do to decide this breakeven problem? (hint see ever-changing B/E variables section) 8.MB4 analyse the effect of changing variables (FC, VC and/or Price) on the break even figure. * Calculate the effect of changing variables (FC, VC and/or Price) on the break even figure * Analyse these break even scenarios and link to your aims and objectives. * What is the effect on breakeven level? * What are the potential problems you have identified with your break even? * Are there any solutions you can recommend to the business? * Such as reducing selling price? * increase selling price? * Increase advertising to increase sales? Reducing fixed or variable costs further? etc

Europe in World History Essay

Early Modern atomic number 63 is the term used to refer to a part of the history of europium which began in 1648 following the last days of the Treaty of Westphalia and Thirty Years War. The war started due to some religious reasons. On the other hand, during the course of war, the interlocking focused on a political struggle between the states surrounding the Holy Roman Empire (Eusanz Organization, 2002). What was involved initi completelyy was the Austrian Habsburgs because of religious reasons back up the Catholic side. On the other hand, there was an intervention on the part of Sweden on the Protestant side.France, then, which was a Catholic monarchy, went against Austria for political reasons. However, in the Treaty of Westphalia, the priorities of the powers were not religious but purely political in nature. France or Austria were not qualified to put up with each other, so these two nations decided to continue a historically fragmented division of the HRE in a number of w eak and small states (Eusanz Organization, 2002). The only way to create peace between these powers was a balance of power. All three powerful states in Europe have origins in the feudal system.Feudal aristocracies exercised political power. Modernization and the progressions involved with it gave birth to a class of merchants and craftsmen which became a part of the middle class. The members of the middle class became active in trade which led to surplus increase. The fictional character that the middle class compete was in each of the state. They were scattered along the areas of Amsterdam, London and Paris which were bases of economic growth. Of the three locations, Paris had experienced the least degree of modernization, and Amsterdam the most.By the s flushteenth century, Amsterdam had replaced Antwerp as the leading commercial city of Europe, reflecting the leading role that the Dutch had taken in commerce, shipbuilding, fishing and overseas exploration. London, the major se aport part Englands commerce, was also prominent because of extensive trading contacts with the Lowlands dating back to medieval times, whereas Paris had become significant primarily as the political warmness of France rather than for commercial reasons. All these explain how the history of Europe alone has changed the history of the world as a whole (Eusanz Organization, 2002).Europes role in world history has always been an issue to scholars and especially to historians who always claim to put Europe it a place where it should rightfully be. Another even in the history of Europe was its landmass. The landmass of Europe alone already has a major role in world history. The Afro-Eurasian landmass, coming from South eastward Asia to North Africa covered various refinings for 5,000 years which were all home to either pastoral nomadism or agrarian empires. China, India, Kushan Empire, Parthian Empire and the Roman Empire all dominated Eurasia.There were a lot of re-configurations wh ich led to the Roman Empire adapting Christianity, the expansion of Islam, collapse of Persia and China being conquered by the Tang Dynasty. The role of Europe in these developments was that it stood as a frontier society. Christianized and Romanized barbarians constituted Europe during these times. Europe was even quarantined due to the fact that it did not succumb to the major trends of Buddhisms intellectual advances and Islamic civilization (except for Spain).Along with the transformation of the other neighboring nations came Europe being a new creation itself. When Charlemagne was cr experienceed, it was the sign of European civilization, which mirror the sign of Islamic civilization when Muhammed finally preached Islam. The history of Europe clearly shows that it constantly expanded all throughout the years. Expansion definitely succeeded when the North eastmost and Spain was conquered. Byzantium Empire was destroyed and Ottoman invasion began.Europe was also successful at de veloping its culture without the influence of other external factors because it was able to transmit away with Mongols worst excesses. Europe, unlike other countries, was not a successful and rich civilization during these years when it comes to achievements. because again, Europe was able to expand when Little Ice Age and the Black Death ended. In terms of market and trade, Europe got some resources from India and China. European countries wanted to get into Eurasias trading network. It can not be denied the Europe had a small population during those times.Then again, its power was still very enormous. It has a big strike on world history, let its cultural patterns alone when it comes to politics. Secular politics was very well understood by Europe. European civilization deviated from the norms established by Eurasia. These are just among the many proofs that Europe played an important role in world history just by standing on its own and not allowing itself to be influenced by other nations. These factors made Europe a significant head start over other nations in the world.In fact, a lot of societies in the world today have derived its systems, be it economic or political, from the civilization of Europe. These societies were quickly able to approach the time when the investments marginal returns justified the expenditure that was continuously expanding. It can not be denied that the complexity level in Europe was high and was once proved to be unsustainable, but this didnt keep Europe from achieving all the things it has achieved. The history of Europe was not always smooth. At time, it was not topsy-turvy and people suffered a lot, too.Then again, such case is not unique to Europe. Other civilizations in the world had been through the same dilemma, and others, even worse, especially the major ones. However, the situations and the history of European civilization alone make it a unique country from all the others. Its history made its achievements differ ent from the others. There had been wars, and it doesnt matter who won or lost. after all, the people who say negative things about European civilization are the same people who are claiming the rich heritage Europe has to offer.

What is meant by the term Communication Management

Communication Management is the systematic planning, implementing, monitoring, and alteration of all the channels of cheek within an administration, and between administrations it besides includes the administration and airing of new communication directives connected with an administration, web, or communications engineering. ( Tripathi, 2009 )However, what is direction? How to appeal withdraw?Management is including be afterwarding, organizing, taking and commanding. Directors should utilize these characteristics to pull take off their employees. Furthermore, directors should depend on their employees features to put up end and offer childbeds to them.Aim of Communication Management ProjectThe purposes of Communication Management undertaking atomic number 18 by the stem employ to construct up the squad take shape and develop up leading accomplishment. Furthermore, it helps us bettering the communicating accomplishment with our sort mates.This essay would be divided in 3 parts, the 1st portion is my business Ad and Public Relations Manager, the 2nd portion is our sort civilization and managing this group, and the 3rd portion is self acquisition.My function Ad and Public Relations ManagerI am an Ad & A PR director in the group respond to the publicities of the commentator s Digest, such as the publicity encouragement, advertisement design, Press Conference of the Reader s Digest and PR event which could pull the general populace s consciousness.Troubles are confrontingAs Reader s Digest is an enlightening magazine, it includes a batch of utile information in different classs, wellness, travel, planetary job, more and more. When making the publicities that is really hard to me, because of I strike to considerate of the image of the magazine, every bit healthy as there are a few magazines advertised on others magazines or newspaper. This is a preferably hard inquiry to me.Topographic pointWe hold divided into 3 sub-groups, Isaac and I respond to the publicity and topographic point of 4P. We need to considerate the placing of our magazine. How to spread bulge our retail merchant stores and what companies we should co-operate with. These inquiries are rather hard to do the determination. Sometimes, we can non lie with which topographic points should we be placed. I tried to name 7-eleven to acquire the active accuracy monetary value of a?S?ze? , the arouse thing is when I call the hotline, the respondent of that section asked me which magazine we are, I told her Reader s Digest in English, so she is seemly non understand, and inquire me where we are selling.PromotionWe only if advertise on a few topographic points, we in the main focus on the MTR, such as MTR train organic structure, publicity encouragement. Though we afford a MTR rate-card, I shut away really confused on their monetary value, I can non easy to understand what they are mentioned in the rate-card.For the Press Conference and the PR event Top Brand Election in Hong Kong, I pretend as the employee of the Reader s Digest, and name the shopping promenades, which are THE ONE and Isquare, and the hotels. They give me the inside informations of the floor program and the rate card. That is rather practical experience, if I will be a PR in the hereafter I besides need to pass on with them.Pull offing group couplesAll of us came from different colleges and holding different background. All of us holding different advantages and disadvantages, being a concealed leader of this group, I endeavour to pull off them by different direction theories I had been learnt before.I restrain utilizing different direction theories to pull off my group mates, such as Maslow s Needs Hierarchy, Theory X and Theory Y by McGregor, arithmetic mean theory.At the beginning, I have assumed they are employees of Theory X they need tonss of regulations to curtail them to exploit, guarantee that they can manus in their take a crap on clip and n o alibi of late and absent. When I realize them more, I try to utilize Maslow s Needs Hierarchy to actuate them to work and McGregor s Theory Y to delegate somewhat undertakings to them.As I think that they merely want to complete the Bachelor grade merely, I have spared some clip of the encounter to announce about after this twelvemonth what is our mark and my outlook to them. I would wish to promote them to believe about their hereafter and set more and more attempt on the undertaking.Features of My group couplesHersey and Blanchard s Situational Leadership mould could briefly explicate my group mates characteristics in the first 6 meeting.HighModerateLowR1R2R3R4Able and WillingAble and UnwillingUnable and WillingUnable and backwardElizaWinnieIsaacHeidi comme il fautFollower ReadinessThe supra tabular array could be easy to explicate their characteristics. Eliza is R1, when I assigned her undertakings she could complete the undertakings in short period of clip and high qual ity work.Winnie is R2, I think she could complete her undertaking in a better manner, nevertheless, she might be excessively busy, and she could complete those undertakings in short clip, the plants were low quality, such as grammar errors and wrong data format. subsequently we had 360 Degree Feedback, she is bettering her working attitude and her public presentation.Isaac and Heidi are R3. They might non hold adequate accomplishments, such as Heidi did non cognize how to do content page, but she still tries to work on. On the other manus, Isaac has ever made a batch of grammar errors he still works difficult on his undertaking.Bonnie is R4, she is unable and unwilling to complete her undertakings. During the meeting, she was non concentrated on what we were discussed, furthermore, she absent the category and meeting. Furthermore, her English is non good at all, when she wrote the PAC, we had found tonss of errors and some unusual sentence . We asked her to rectify by herself, nevertheless, she told us her English grammar was non good, she might non rectify them. Furthermore, she was non willing to make a batch of undertaking work, she was ever ailment that would be increase her work load.After a few hebdomads, I talked with her on phone she had explained what happened recently, such as relationship with friends, working job. She promised me she would public presentation good in the subsequently meeting and work. And now, Bonnie is become to R3 unable and willing.CaringMy feature is care others experiencing, I try to recognize them more. I had called or direct short message ( SMS ) to them when I have clip. To recognize them what they are believing and give them support, allow them cognize he/ she is non entirely, I will seek to work out their job or give them some sentiments when they are confronting troubles.ControlingDuring group meeting and the group work, we have misconstruing between our group mates. We have a short meeting which is about 360 De gree Feedback, in that meeting we talked about the feeling of co-operated with our group mates. Since that meeting, I can recognize them more. I think that is effectual to co-operate with them.EncouragementBesides, the award in our understanding, I besides praise them when they are willing to discourse during the meeting which make them to maintain on. In order to direct electronic mails to commend them.Furthermore, I have assigned them the work which is a spot higher than they could make. They might acquire the enthusiastic in the undertaking every bit good as feel of import in our group.Group CultureFriendlyOur group civilization is friendly. We are ever holding merriment during the meeting. Particularly, Isaac and Heidi ever make some merriment during the meeting, such as they are stating the gags, making some interesting thoughts. Such as Heidi said our penalty of late entry should dress as a coney lady. Furthermore, as Heidi is populating in Siu Sai Wan, we call her rich miss. Eliza and I ever give Heidi new name. And Isaac pretend some Hong Kong Pop Star, such as Bosco Wong, Andy Lau, we offer him a platform to him demoing off himself. Bonnie and Winnie are quiet. plainly sometimes they give us amusing thoughts which make all of us laugh.Undertaking Oriented and assignedWe are besides task oriented. We came from different background. 6 of us analyze at different colleges. When we are co-operate first assignment, I found that our working manner are really different. When manages different background group mates, I have different outlook to them.Therefore, I set different grade mark to them. For illustration, I set the easiest end to Bonnie, as Bonnie studied Fashion send off two old ages ago, she could non manage tonss and tonss of paper work. Therefore, I have set the easiest end to her she might experience she is of import in order to carry through esteem demands of Maslow s Hierarchy of demands.However, I realize that Eliza could manage the hard un dertakings she is typical theory Y employer.Besides, puting different end to different volume, we are required them to manus in their work on clip, such as minute and docket. All penalty of late entry would be followed by PAC.Meeting ambianceThe first 5meetings, asleep(predicate) air were ever happened. Everyone seems waiting for person to do determinations, excludes Eliza and I. Both of us were ever given out the thoughts and promote them to specify their thoughts. However, they still maintain silence.In the 6th meeting, Eliza and I had told them what our outlooks to them. Get downing from that meeting, Isaac, Heidi and Winnie are willing to show their thoughts to us. We are ever doing gags during our meeting. Our ambiance of meeting is going closer and going scoop out friends.Self acquisitionThis undertaking is a existent life rehearsing. Not merely taking of the minute and composing the docket, but besides the existent practise of covering with crisis and pull offing staff . Reader s Digest gross revenues lessening which about our Hong Kong civilization is altering. To maintain the company alive and growing, selling director should see about the SWOT and how to work out them out.Covering with crisisThis undertaking is rather hard, there is no guideline and every group has different subject. It is similar with the existent life give in of affairs, no 1 Tell you what is right and incorrect, we need to make a batch of readyings to work out the job, which are marketing research, focal point group and analysis information we found in the research, and think about those methods are possible or non.Furthermore, we need to considerate the thing which around us. Since this undertaking, I have found that I still have a batch of ae? . Those include I may non cognize the existent state of affairs that I could non do the determination instantly.Pull offing mannerThis undertaking gives me an chance to pull off people. Everyone has their ain function they need to react to our group, it is similar to work in a company, people should react to their ain section and their undertaking.Actually, I do non truly believe I am a good leader. As I mentioned on above I could non do determination instantly which I truly do non cognize the existent state of affairs. I still seek my best to work on my function.The word decentalisation is a suited word to depict my managing manner. My function of this group is stating them what is our way and discourse what should we make. I ever give them opportunities to show their thought. Because of this undertaking is owned by us and I hope that they can bask this class.Communication SkillThat is really of import during in this undertaking. We had some misunderstood caused by communicating method. There were some barriers noises to upset our communicating, such as bad attitude and worse communicating accomplishment, it is non merely affected our communicating, but besides affected the emergence and cut down our eff ectivity and efficiency.In 360 Degree Feedback, Winnie had ailment that we ever ban thoughts excessively fast, which make them non weather plenty to show their thoughts. Her suggestions make me to strike about others feeling and seek to allow others show their thoughts foremost, it could do them to be easier accept.Therefore, I have learnt to maintain a good attitude and seek to speak to that individual. It might effectual to cut down the job happened. No affair which occupation I will be, holding a good attitude and good communicating accomplishment it could assist us to hold a good public presentation in work.Time ManagementSince start this programme, I have learnt how to pull off my clip in the best manner. Demuring this class, we have other class prep. We need to manus it on clip. However, we have limited clip to complete them that is non easy for us to make so. Therefore, we control our meeting clip in fit clip. It is similar with the existent universe. We have an of import undertaking we need to manage nevertheless, we have dozenss of work demand to complete. If we do non a good clip direction accomplishment which it hard to complete all the work at the same clip.DecisionDuring this undertaking, I have learnt a batch such as rehearsing the Management Theory in our group. Those theoretical accounts are really utile when I need to delegate work to them and give them non- profitable award. Because of those theoretical accounts make me more and more peoples demands.Actually, I had been told outlook to all our group mates. I hope that they could be growing, during or after they finish this undertaking. I am so glad that seeing Bonnie has a large alteration in this undertaking. Her ?Sa?a? has increased more and more. She will bespeak undertaking to complete during the meeting.

The Fall of the Mayan Civilization

The Fall of the Mayan Civilization Elizabeth Putman Professor Jennifer Adrienne Humanities 111 January 26, 2012 Mashkan-shapir was a typical Mesopotamian city, primed(p) about 20 miles from the Tigris River, and connected to the river by a network of canals. Despite a flourishing civilization, Mashkan-shapir was abandoned within only 20 years of its settlement. What could induce caused this rapid demise? For decades, archaeologists have been searching for an explanation of the Maya collapse. Many theories have been put forward, ranging from conflict and invasion to migration, disease and over- acquireing.According to a study published in an issue of Science (March, 2003), a long period of dry climate, punctuated by three severe droughts, led to the end of the Maya society. Along with factors such as war and changes in the environment, irrigation techniques played an important role in Mashkan-shapirs collapse. Yes, the same process that allowed farming in this region eventually mad e it impossible to farm leading to their devastation by starvation. Prolonged droughts also contributed to the lack of food and drinking body of water. The Mayans used irrigation for their order production.Unfortunately, the rivers were higher than the surrounding plain, so water for irrigation flowed into the field by gravity. The fields were lower than the rivers, subsequently the water sat in the field and was allowed to evaporate naturally. This led to erosion and the buildup of mineral salts. When mineral salts concentre in the upper levels of the soil, it becomes toxic for plants. By 2300 B. C. , agricultural production in Mesopotamia was impossible. Many fields were abandoned as essentially useless. Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets tell of crop damage due to salts.Cecil, Jessica (2011) Decline of the Maya. http. www. history. com/topic/maya The majority of Mayans either migrated due to lack of food and water, or stayed and perished by dehydration and starvation. Only a fract ion of the Maya people survived to resist the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. Yes, conflict was significant, as was disease, but I adamantly believe that the core problems was a elongated drought along with inadequate irrigation techniques. Whatever the cause, the Maya did not die out entirely. Some two million are alive today, principally in the blue part of Yucatan and in Guatemala.References Thompson, J. , Eric, S. , Rise and fall of maya civilization. University of Oklahoma. Press, 1954. Norman, Ok. Unknown (2000). The Ancient Mayan Civilization. http//mayanarchaeology. tripod. com/id2. html Cecil, Jessica (2011). Decline of the maya. Retrieved January 24, 2012 from http// www. history. com/topic/maya. Stuart, G. , Stuart, G. (1977). The Mysterious Maya. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. Retrieved January 24, 2012 from http//www. nationalgeographic. com/inca/machu_picchu. html

Causes of World War One Essay

World War One was a turning point in history. Many scholars study this event and what caused this huge conflict. Germany used to be the sole one responsible for this war, but many controversial debates later, the blame was gradually attribute on the other non bad(p) powers of Europe as well. In this essay, I will be analyzing the main causes of WWI, especially targeting the long-term causes. Most of these causes and events may be classified into 4 main themes imperialism, the alliance corpse, militarism & nationalism.Imperialism contributed greatly to the prohibitedbreak of WWI. Imperialism is when a country takes over other lands and subjects them to their rule to extend their power and influence. In the pre-WWI era, the great powers of Europe strove to expand their empires. Germany, who only became an united nation in 1871, desired a large empire like Britains, who at the time had an empire that stretched out over 5 continents and colonized about 1/3 of the world. However, Ger many only had a few pieces of Africa. Soon, though, they decided they wanted more. In 1896, Admiral Muller give tongue to to Prince Henry of Germany, either we harness the total strength of the nation ruthlessly, even if it means accepting the risk of a major war, or we limit ourselves to Continental power alone.This shows how much Germany would do for more land and power. It clearly shows they prioritized developing their empire over suppressing war if it arose. In 1897, Prince von Bulow of Germany said, We dont want to adorn anyone else in the shade but we too demand a place in the sun. It is suggested that Germany wanted more of Africa and Asia. The fierce competition over lands caused incredible focus between the great powers. Each country wanted to dominate more lands to increase their trades and power. This can also be seen in the First Moroccan Crisis. France and Germany had begun to bowel movement towards war over the colonization of Morocco.France, assisted by Britain a nd Russia, wanted to colonize Morocco, whilst Germany, who was weakly supported by Austria-Hungary wanted to annoy France and create strain in the Entente Cordiales friendship, as well as keep Morocco independent so it would be easier to conquer and keep trading with them. This shows how easily countries may arrive to consider war and attack to take over impudently lands. Another event that shows clear intent of imperialism is the Bosnian Crisis in 1908, when Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia, tension grew so thick between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that with one tiny trigger, war would be a possible threat.Another main cause of WWI was militarism. Britain, who had the strongest navy at that time, felt threaten when Germany decided they wanted to build their navy power as well. The Anglo-German naval race of 1906-12 started when Kaiser William II of Germany released the Tirpitz Plan, which was a plan to increase Germanys naval size. The British brought out the HMS Dreadnought, a d eadly battleship, in 1906. Though Britain eventually won, it was clear Germany posed a serious threat. There was also an increase of armed forces which created the modal value and atmosphere for war. By 1900, Russia had the biggest army of 1.1 million, though the number had decreased to 0.8 million by 1914. The armies of Germany and France had more than doubled from 1870, though Englands army had not change magnitude much as they prioritized the naval race over building their army. With this attitude to building their military power, it was inevitable that these thoughts would eventually lead to putting them to use.The alliance system also contributed greatly to the war. An alliance is when 2 or more countries form a type of friendship where if one country is in trouble, the other/others would beat in and help. The two main alliances were the Triple Entente, which consisted of France, Britain and Russia, and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The Triple En tente, formed in 1907, remained strong as ever even when Germany tried to resolve their bonds in an argument with France over Morocco. Additionally, Russia and Germany signed unofficial secret reassurance treaties though it was not renewed in 1890 when William II of Germany took over.This led Russia to search for a new ally. In the end, France and Russia formed an alliance in 1894. This was exactly what Germany had hoped to avoid as now they were sandwiched between the 2 countries, leaving them extremely vulnerable in the incase of an attack. However, William II was young and felt no need to have Russia on their side. It should be taken into account that if there wasnt an alliance system, WII might not have been a world war, just one between Austria-Hungary and Serbia after an immediate cause- the trigger event of the assassination of the heir of the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia on 28th, June 1914.The assassination of the Archduke was committed by Gavrilo Pr incip, a Serbian nationalist. He was part of the Black Hand, a secret Serbian nationalist society. This cerebrate to nationalism as the Serbs were tired of being ruled by the Austro-Hungarians, and in return, murdered Austro-Hungarys heir. This shows how much they were wiling to do to make their point. This also links tail end to the alliance system. France, bound by treaty to Russia, found themselves at war against Germany, and by extension, war against Austria Hungary. Meanwhile, Britain who was allied to France, declared war on Germany. Once again, it should be mentioned that if it were not for the alliance system, perhaps not as many countries wouldve been involved in the war.